Application of Enhanced Point Estimators to a Sample of In Vivo CT‐derived Facial Soft Tissue Thicknesses

Facial approximations based on facial soft tissue depth measurement tables often utilize the arithmetic mean as a central tendency estimator. Stephan et al. (J Forensic Sci 2013;58:1439) suggest that the shorth and 75‐shormax statistics are better suited to describe the central tendency of non‐normal soft tissue depth data, while also accommodating normal distributions. The shorth, 75‐shormax, arithmetic mean, and other central tendency estimators were evaluated using a CT ‐derived facial soft tissue depth dataset. Differences between arithmetic mean and shorth mean for the tissue depths examined ranged from 0 mm to +2.3 mm (average 0.6 mm). Differences between the arithmetic mean plus one standard deviation (to approximate the same data points covered by the 75‐shormax) and 75‐shormax values ranged from ?0.8 mm to +0.7 mm (average 0.2 mm). The results of this research suggest that few practical differences exist across the central tendency point estimators for the evaluated soft tissue depth dataset.     

试论刑事证明责任

我国对证明责任的研究起步较晚,对于证明责任的概念、性质、功能,特别是其在诉讼中分配的认识颇不一致。吸收近年来研究成果,结合无罪推定原则,阐明刑事证明责任的概念,辨析关于我国刑事证明主体的主要观点,明确了刑事证明责任的分配制度,对刑事证明责任的转移和倒置作了区分。     

国际制造业转移现象的理性分析

国际制造业转移是现代国际经济关系中的一个重要特征。文中对国际产业转移简单回顾了国际制造业转移的历程,详细分析了国际制造业转移的动因,并对当前和今后的发展趋势进行了预测,文章最后详细探讨了国际制造业的转移对转出区和转入区的影响。     

俄罗斯的人口现状与普京新方针的制定

普京第 2次就任总统后,在其就职演说及随后向国会所做的致辞中,制定了发展经济、提高居民福利水平、消除贫困和军队的现代化等国家新的发展目标。俄罗斯人口的数量、密度、性别、民族构成及劳动力潜力的现状等人口因素对普京新方针带来了很大的影响。     

交付的法律性质--兼论原因理论的发展

在罗马法上 ,交付本身并未被赋予所有权移转的意思。罗马法通过对原因的要求来控制交付的效力。按照罗马法法律渊源本身对交付原因的定位 ,交付的性质原则上应该是要因的。由于对罗马法上的清偿原因缺乏充分的了解 ,中世纪的法学提出了误信原因的原因理论 ,从而使在要因交付的框架下孕育出抽象的无因理论成为了可能。     

Age estimation and the developing third molar tooth: an analysis of an Australian population using computed tomography

The third molar tooth is one of the few anatomical sites available for age estimation of unknown age individuals in the late adolescent years. Computed tomography (CT) images were assessed in an Australian population aged from 15 to 25 years for development trends, particularly concerning age estimation at the child/adult transition point of 18 years. The CT images were also compared to conventional radiographs to assess the developmental scoring agreement between the two and it was found that agreement of Demirjian scores between the two imaging modalities was excellent. The relatively wide age ranges (mean ± 2SD) indicate that the third molar is not a precise tool for age estimation (age ranges of 3-8 years) but is, however, a useful tool for discriminating the adult/child transition age of 18 years. In the current study 100% of females and 96% of males with completed roots were over 18 years of age.     

Confidence interval of the likelihood ratio associated with mixed stain DNA evidence

Likelihood ratios are necessary to properly interpret mixed stain DNA evidence. They can flexibly consider alternate hypotheses and can account for population substructure. The likelihood ratio should be seen as an estimate and not a fixed value, because the calculations are functions of allelic frequency estimates that were estimated from a small portion of the population. Current methods do not account for uncertainty in the likelihood ratio estimates and are therefore an incomplete picture of the strength of the evidence. We propose the use of a confidence interval to report the consequent variation of likelihood ratios. The confidence interval is calculated using the standard forensic likelihood ratio formulae and a variance estimate derived using the Taylor expansion. The formula is explained, and a computer program has been made available. Numeric work shows that the evidential strength of DNA profiles decreases as the variation among populations increases.     

吉林省统筹城乡发展的难点与对策

本文以吉林省正在实施的＂三化＂统筹战略为视角,提出城乡一体化进程中面临的难点主要集中在：人往哪里去、钱从哪里来、土地问题怎样解决三个方面。笔者认为,应通过加大对农村经济发展的财政支持,统筹城乡产业布局,开展农民职业技能教育,构建农村劳动力向城镇转移的制度体系和规范土地流转等措施,推动吉林省统筹城乡发展,实现城乡一体化。     

全球视野下的"粮食安全"问题

人口增长与经济快速发展,自然灾害频发与投机资本炒作,粮食安全问题成为世界关注问题。中国作为人口大国和快速发展国家,粮食安全问题受到世界关注,保障粮食安全已经成为中国政府的国家发展战略。世界粮食安全问题,不只是吃饭问题,而是国家生存问题,粮食已经成为战略资源。     

南水北调中线工程与河南省区域联合治理机制研究

南水北调工程是一个典型跨主体、跨行业、跨期和跨行政区域的水利工程,繁杂的工程建设以及信息不对称和管理认识上的滞后,管理者往往低估了各种潜在风险对工程的影响。本文从南水北调工程与河南区域关系特征入手,分析了两者间存在的问题,在此基础上,从理顺治理结构、探索具有激励相容的工程区域合作模式、选择可行的政策工具组合、从博弈论角度构建工程区域关系、引入工程影响评价机制等角度提出了对策建议。