Introduction

Institutional design, structure, and processes in the European Union (EU) provide a fertile ground for studying a new model of intergovernmental and supranational cultural policymaking. In this article, the author provides a map and an analytical compass to assist researchers and practitioners in navigating the EU cultural policy labyrinth. She offers insight into how transnational cultural policymaking occurs in the EU by tracing the Culture Programme through the agenda-setting, policy formulation, policy decision, and policy implementation stages of the policy process. The author concludes by introducing an emerging process of institutionalized cultural policy transfer that appears to be developing through systematic and incremental policy transfer, policy learning, and policy convergence.     

From parish register to the “historical table”: The Prussian population statistics in the 17th and 18th centuries

This overview deals with the development of population statistics in Germany and Prussia, where different streams and trends in the field of statistics can be observed until the end of the 18th century: (1) the so-called university statistics (Staatenkunde); (2) political arithmetic; (3) table statistics; (4) “German Kameralia;” and (5) Prussian financial science. The most important sources for historical demographic research are the parish registers. In Germany, they start in the early or high Middle Ages as baptismal lists. In Prussia in the 16th century, parish registers consisted of entries and items of baptisms (births), marriages, and funerals (deaths). Based upon these parish registers at the end of 17th century in the Brandenburg Electorate, population lists were set up as registers or tables of population movement, as “general registers of the born, the married, the deceased, and the communicants.” Physicians and such Prussian medical authorities as the Collegium medicum and the Collegium sanitatis collected data about the causes of death and the longevity of human life (people more than 90 years old). In the course of 120 years during the 17th and 18th centuries, about 350,000 immigrants came to Brandenburg-Prussia. The Prussians developed excellent migration and census statistics in the form of historical tables. From the founding of the Prussian Office of Statistics in 1805 until its reorganization in 1809–1810, historical tables were set up using population statistics.     

English population statistics before 1800

The first national census of the British population was organized in 1801; the civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths commenced in 1837; and the first tentative attempt by the state to compile statistics on migration was included in the census of 1841. Prior to 1801, the chief source of information on the demography of the country was provided by the clergy's registration of baptisms, marriages, and burials that had occurred in their parishes, supplemented by information on mortality in the Bills of Mortality that were published for certain large towns and by inferences drawn from various counts of taxpayers. The article focuses on the reliability of the parochial registration system and the way in which it was exploited by the state as measured against the state's objectives for establishing it in 1538. These objectives were rarely achieved. By the end of the 18th century, the parish registers were falling short of providing a national system of registration. Neither had the registers at any time provided the requisite detail to allow the verification of age, lineal descent, or right of inheritance. They had not been used as a way of raising revenue except briefly between 1694 and 1705. Moreover, the Anglican Church was extremely lax about the enforcement of its own regulations regarding the appropriate time for registering baptisms, burials, and marriages.     

True or false? Nineteenth-century Sápmi fertility in qualitative vs. demographic sources

There is limited knowledge about childbirth and childcare among Arctic indigenous peoples in historical times, and the Swedish Sami are no exception. The main aim of the present study is to investigate whether the Sami experienced fertility trends parallel to those of the rest of the population in the area and in Sweden as a whole. Digitized parish records offer a unique possibility to include comparisons from ethnic, cultural, geographical and long-term perspectives. The present study compares the statements about fertility and childcare provided by qualitative sources with data from quantitative demographic investigations. This comparison reveals a contrasting picture, from which it is evident that contemporary observers’ impressions of the Sami and their childbirths were somewhat inaccurate. Opposite to what the qualitative sources claimed Sami fertility was higher than the national average rates. Moreover, crude birth rates were high and the average number of children in families exceeded what was generally claimed. We can conclude that the statements made by clergy, physicians and travelers concerning childbirth among the Sami did not correspond particularly well with the demographic reality.     

流动人口刑事被害人及被害预防

流动人口构成犯罪被害的高危群体,因此对其进行积极有效的被害预防将对整个社会的犯罪预防和治安状况的好转起到非常重要的作用。从被害人角度看待流动人口在刑事案件中所处的角色从发,结合被害人学的相关理论和流动人口被害的实证统计,分析流动人口被害原因包括社会原因、环境原因和个人原因的基础上,这样的被害预防对策可能更有效。     

刑法中的“食品”概念辨析

我国食品安全法中的食品定义尚不完善。刑法中的"食品"概念亦应当按照食品安全法的规定进行理解,并根据立法目的对其进行扩大解释。因此,食用农产品、食品添加剂、保健食品都属于刑事法律中的食品范围,但保健食品并不等于"既是食品又是药品的物品"。关于"毒胶囊"引发的刑法定性问题则应当依照具体情况区别对待。     

Mastoid Triangle for Sex Determination in Adult Nigerian Population: A Validation Study

In the quest for a simple, reliable technique to estimate the sex of human remains several novel metric skeletal indices have been reported. Only a few have been examined for utility in populations different from those in which they were developed. In this study, the mastoid process was evaluated for sex determination using 102 lateral cephalograms of a Nigerian sample of known age and sex. The asterion‐mastoidale distance and mastoid triangular area were sexually dimorphic with mean values higher in males compared with females (p = 0.02). On analysis of the discriminant function, overall accuracy for sex classification was 55%. On cross‐validation, the triangular area accurately identified 80% of females and 48% of males. The asterion‐mastoidale distance was slightly more accurate at sexing the sample. The practical utility of the mastoid triangle area technique to differentiate sex in Nigerian populations is not supported by the results of this study.     

云南玉溪汉族15个STR基因座多态性及遗传关系分析

目的调查玉溪汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性,并分析与国内部分地区汉族群体的遗传关系。方法采用AmpFLSTR Identifiler试剂盒,复合扩增15个STR基因座,计算基因频率及法医学参数;收集国内其他10个群体的遗传学资料进行遗传距离和聚类分析。结果玉溪汉族群体15个STR基因座等位基因及基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律,PD值在0.790 6～0.968 1之间,PE值在0.315 9～0.733 5之间,PIC值在0.554 6～0.856 4之间,15个基因座累积个体识别力为0.999 999 999 999 999 99,累积非父排除率为0.999 998。不同地区汉族群体间遗传距离分析提示,玉溪汉族与成都汉族遗传距离最近(0.004 0),其次是河南(0.004 5)和潮汕(0.004 7);内蒙古最远(0.036 1)。结论云南玉溪汉族15个STR基因座具有较高的遗传多态性,适于该群体的法医学应用,遗传关系分析结果可为该群体的起源、迁徙及与其他群体的遗传关系分析提供参考。     

新时期少数民族人口教育的状况、问题和发展途径——以广西为例

通过分析第六次人口普查数据,发现广西少数民族人口文化素质在进入新世纪以后有了大幅提升,高学历人口增长迅速,但是各少数民族文化素质发展差异明显,整体文化素质低于汉族,个别民族处于后进水平。因此,要积极发展少数民族教育,探寻提高人口文化素质的有效途径:均衡配置教育资源,继续加大对民族地区教育经费的投入,改善民族中小学的办学条件;建立适合少数民族文化和生活方式的教育内容和教育模式;构筑多层次少数民族教育体系;重视少数民族女性受教育的问题;加强教师队伍建设,提高教师待遇和福利。     

农业产业支撑下的生态小城镇发展模式评析——以贵阳市开阳县龙岗镇为例

新型城镇化的核心是“人”的城镇化,须有产业支撑方能发展。贵州省省级生态镇——龙岗镇,走的是发挥当地资源禀赋优势、由农业产业化支撑的城镇化发展模式。文章通过对龙岗镇新型城镇化发展模式的分析,针对存在的问题提出对策思考,最后强调其城镇化发展模式具有积极意义,值得探讨、研究并加以推广。