INCORPORATING ROUTINE ACTIVITIES,ACTIVITY SPACES,AND SITUATIONAL DEFINITIONS INTO THE SOCIAL SCHEMATIC THEORY OF CRIME

Simons and Burt's (2011) social schematic theory (SST) of crime posits that adverse social factors are associated with offending because they promote a set of social schemas (i.e., a criminogenic knowledge structure) that elevates the probability of situational definitions favorable to crime. This study extends the SST model by incorporating the role of contexts for action. Furthermore, the study advances tests of the SST by incorporating a measure of criminogenic situational definitions to assess whether such definitions mediate the effects of schemas and contexts on crime. Structural equation models using 10 years of panel data from 582 African American youth provided strong support for the expanded theory. The results suggest that childhood and adolescent social adversity fosters a criminogenic knowledge structure as well as selection into criminogenic activity spaces and risky activities, all of which increase the likelihood of offending largely through situational definitions. Additionally, evidence shows that the criminogenic knowledge structure interacts with settings to amplify the likelihood of situational definitions favorable to crime.     

结构与功能的背离:宋代州府司法中的长属分职与长官专权

宋代州级司法职能配置在长官与属官之间存在明确的分工。这种职能分工被赋予了防范长官干预属官司法行为的权力约束功能。但在审判实践中,长官往往借助官制特权或法定特权赋予的优势地位,干预或控制属官的审判行为,操纵州府审判的过程与结果,使州府审判过程呈现出鲜明的长官专权特质。从其司法制度演进的历史考察,两宋时期之所以出现司法体制上的控权倾向与审判过程中的专权特质并存的局面,根源在于其政权建设中难以克服的祖宗之法与汉唐故事之间的深刻抵牾。     

心理契约破裂减少了工会参与吗 ? —— 工会主席任命方式的调节作用

在员工与企业间出现心理契约破裂时,员工通常会借助工会力量维护自身权益。本研究以 16 家 企业的 199 名员工为样本,以工会主席任命方式作为调节变量,探究了员工与企业间心理契约破裂和员工工会 参与之间的关系。研究发现：心理契约破裂显著负向影响员工工会参与;工会主席的任命方式在心理契约破裂 与员工工会参与之间起调节作用。即工会主席由企业直接任命的企业中,心理契约破裂显著负向影响员工工会 参与;在工会主席由员工投票直选的企业中,心理契约破裂与员工工会参与之间没有显著关系。本研究通过验 证不同工会主席任命方式下员工与企业间心理契约与员工工会参与之间的关系,证明了工会主席直选对工会维 权职能履行的保障作用。这对构建和谐劳资关系提供了指导。