Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Finishes (Post – 1989). VIII: In Situ Identification of Bismuth Vanadate Using Extended Range FT‐IR Spectroscopy,Raman Spectroscopy,and X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Chrome Yellow (PbCrO₄·xPbSO₄) was a common pigment in U.S. automobile OEM finishes for more than three decades, but in the early 1990s its use was discontinued. One of its main replacements was Bismuth Vanadate (BiVO₄·nBi₂MoO₆, n = 0–2), which was commercially introduced in 1985, as this inorganic pigment also produces a very bright hue and has excellent outdoor durability. This paper describes the in situ identification of Bismuth Vanadate in automotive finishes using FT‐IR and dispersive Raman spectroscopy and XRF spectrometry. Some differentiation of commercial formulations of this pigment is possible based on far‐infrared absorptions, Raman data, and elemental analysis. The spectral differences arise from the presence or absence of molybdenum, the use of two crystal polymorphs of BiVO₄, and differences in pigment stabilizers. Bismuth Vanadate is usually not used alone, and it is typically found with Isoindoline Yellow, hydrous ferric oxide, rutile, Isoindolinone Yellow 3R, or various combinations of these.     

基于系统变量改进的产业结构成长对策研究——发达国家的经验借鉴

产业结构的成长是每个发展阶段的国家都会遇到的问题。各种影响因素之间的博弈决定了产业结构成长的未来走向。该文基于系统科学的思想方法,认为产业结构的成长是多要素共同作用的过程,并且是一个快慢变量共同作用的过程,科技进步是产业结构系统中的快变量,而心智模式则是产业机构系统中的慢变量。通过对发达国家的产业结构成长的经验总结发现,"以科技进步促进产业转型"的同时,还要持续改进产业系统中的序参量,才能够持续推动中国产业结构的健康成长。     

新冠肺炎疫情背景下台湾宏观经济形势及其影响因素分析

2020年,在新冠肺炎疫情背景下,台湾地区经济总量实现相对高速增长,但疫情对于岛内不同行业的影响有显著差异。从生产和需求角度分别加以考察,2020年台湾经济增长的主要动力来自制造业和出口。研究结果表明,台湾宏观经济受疫情冲击较为有限,主要是因为疫情催生“远距经济”等新业态,众多5G技术应用场景加速落地,激发资讯电子产品的市场需求,使岛内资讯电子工业产值大幅上升,有效弥补了传统制造业部门产值下滑所产生的缺口,推升了台湾制造业总体产值。祖国大陆作为台湾资讯电子产品最主要的目标市场和生产据点,在较短时间内有效控制疫情,全面复工复产,并且充分发挥新一代信息技术对于疫情防控和复工复产工作的支撑作用,有力助推了台湾资讯电子产品的生产和销售。正因如此,疫情防控期间,两岸进出口额逆势增长,大大改善了台湾对外贸易状况,这是疫情背景下台湾宏观经济形势保持稳定的关键外部因素。     

障碍与释疑:反垄断法适用于银行业的理论澄清

法律适用的明晰是开展法律规制实践的必要前提。虽然反垄断法的适用障碍表现出法律效力的"自我否定"倾向,但是这种制度设计源于对行业发展规律和合理规则方法的尊重。伴随市场经济的发展和管制行业的开放浪潮,反垄断法适用障碍具有主客观两方面的消弭倾向,其适用范围不断扩张。市场化进程的推进使得作为垄断性行业的银行业逐渐回归市场竞争的发展本质,"新型"的反垄断规制和"传统"的金融规制也会因此产生此消彼长的态势转变。《反垄断法》适用于银行业的实然逻辑在于既有法律规则范畴下的解释合法性、银行业市场发展演变的行业合理性以及我国反垄断规制发展脉络下的可期待性。     

关于物流业政策环境和体制环境的几点思考

物流业是国民经济发展的动脉和基础产业。近年来,我国物流业的发展取得了一定的成就,但和西方发达国家相比还存在很大差距。究其原因,我国的政策环境和体制环境在很大程度上限制了物流业的高速发展。因此,分析原因,提出改善政策环境和体制环境的建议是很有理论和现实意义的。     

铜仁地区文化旅游产业可持续发展路径探讨

旅游业是文化性很强的经济产业。旅游产业要实现快速和可持续发展,必须以科学发展观为指导,坚持旅游与文化并举。我们在发展旅游业的过程中注重文化旅游的发展,深度发掘文化旅游内涵,从而促进我区旅游业可持续发展。     

政府在文化产业集群发展中的作用

随着文化产业作为一个新兴产业对经济的促进作用越来越大,文化产业如何发展已经提上了我国政府的议事日程。集群政策是促进文化产业发展的有效工具,所以政府在此过程中的作用不容忽视。本文通过分析我国的集群政策,从中找出不足,并提供建议。     

日本环境产业的发展

环境产业是改善环境和保证经济社会可持续发展的物质技术条件,也是促进日本经济与环境协调发展和激活其地区活力的强大动力.目前,日本的环境产业已从少数产业部门扩展到几乎所有产业部门,未来将同汽车业和建筑业并驾齐驱,成为支撑日本经济发展的主导支柱产业之一.促进日本环境产业发展的主要因素是,强化环境法规的限制,推动经济政策的绿色化,完善企业的环境管理和发展绿色消费.     

When soft regulation is not enough: The integrated pollution prevention and control directive of the European Union

Recent debates regarding the effectiveness of regulatory policymaking in the European Union (EU) focus on the merits of soft, non-binding forms of regulation between public and private actors. The emergence of less coercive forms of regulation is analyzed as a response to powerful functional pressures emanating from the complexity of regulatory issues, as well as the need to secure flexibility and adaptability of regulation to distinctive territorial economic, environmental, administrative, and social conditions. In this article we empirically assess the above normative claims regarding the effectiveness of soft regulation vis-à-vis uniformly binding legislation. We draw on an exploratory investigation of the application of the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive of the EU in four countries. Our study reveals that effectiveness in the application of soft policy instruments is largely contingent upon strong cognitive, material, and political capacities of both state regulators and industrial actors involved in regulatory policymaking. In the absence of those conditions, the application of soft, legally non-binding regulation may lead to adverse effects, such as non-compliance and the “hollowing out” of the systems of environmental permits to industry. In the medium term, such developments can undermine the normative authority of the EU.     

关于行业协会概念的界定

行业协会在市场经济发展中在维护市场秩序、推动公平竞争等方面发挥着重要的作用。然而,对于行业协会概念的理解存在着多种观点。行业协会应当是由同一行业的商事主体为增进共同利益、维护合法权益而自愿组成的非营利性社会团体法人。行业协会与商会、非政府组织、非营利组织这些相关概念存在差别。