Accentuating the Negative: Candidate Race and Campaign Strategy

This article examines the impact of candidate race and campaign negativity on candidate evaluations and turnout. Unlike previous research, we argue that candidate race and campaign negativity should be considered simultaneously. In order to test this argument, we conduct a survey experiment of a nationally representative sample of White adults and a replication study. While we find, consistent with previous research, that respondents unfavorably evaluate candidates who decide to sponsor a negative ad, there are two important exceptions to this pattern: When the ad sponsor is Black, among White respondents who view Blacks negatively, the penalty for going negative is disproportionately large, while among White respondents who view Blacks positively, the penalty for going negative is disproportionately small. More generally, our findings suggest that the effects of candidate attributes and campaign strategy on voter behavior should not be considered in isolation, as they are mutually reinforcing.     

“一体四层”的犯罪论体系之提倡——以大陆法系与我国犯罪论体系为分析对象

自然主义的犯罪论体系是既无评价对象又无评价标准的“无体无层”的体系,存在论的犯罪论体系是评价对象与评价标准不分的“体、层不分”的体系,规范论的犯罪论体系是只有评价标准没有评价对象的“有层无体”的犯罪论体系,组合式的犯罪论体系是“体、层矛盾”的犯罪论体系,诸种体系皆为不当。事实与价值绝对二分论、一体论必须向相对二分论“温和”转向。犯罪论体系应建构评价对象与评价标准相对二分的“一体四层”的体系。     

马克思主义中国化的基本经验再认识

九十多年来我党推进马克思主义中国化的基本经验为：实事求是是其重要前提,解决中国革命和社会主义建设的实际问题是其目标,理论创新是其动力,＂从群众中来,到群众中去＂是其有效方法,民族的科学的大众的文化是其载体,党的建设是其主体条件。     

不断深化部队的理想信念教育

深化部队理想信念教育,是部队思想政治建设的核心内容。当前,以党的十八大报告为指导,充分认清部队理想信念教育的与时俱进性质,坚定理想信念,坚守共产党人的精神追求;敏锐把握部队理想信念教育面对的现实难题,用正确的态度和方法去分析各种曲折与困难,解除思想困惑;注重内容与方法创新,确保部队理想信念教育具有实际效果。     

The critique of language and its economy

Abstract

This paper draws upon and develops Paul Rabinow's concept of biosociality to analyse how the field of gambling research, the facts about gambling addiction and the politics of gambling regulation are in the process of transforming one another as the US gambling industry has begun to provide large amounts of funding for scientists and clinicians working on gambling problems. In particular, the paper focuses on the political economy of research that suggests that the negative consequences associated with gambling are not just social problems, but neurobiological ones. The paper introduces the notion of ‘biopolitical capital’ in order to describe how the gambling industry invests in particular kinds of research which are more likely to yield results that can be mobilized to support particular kinds of approaches to dealing with the social and personal problems associated with gambling.     

The economy,corruption, and the vote: Evidence from experiments in Sweden and Moldova

How does corruption affect voting behavior when economic conditions are poor? Using a novel experimental design and two original survey experiments, we offer four important conclusions. First, in a low corruption country (Sweden), voters react negatively to corruption regardless of the state of the economy. Second, in a high corruption country (Moldova), voters react negatively to corruption only when the state of the economy is also poor; when economic conditions are good, corruption is less important. Third, respondents in Sweden react more strongly to corruption stimuli than respondents in Moldova. Finally, in the low corruption country, sociotropic corruption voting (or voting based on corruption among political leaders) is relatively more important, whereas in our high corruption country, pocketbook corruption voting (or voting based on one's own personal experience with corruption, i.e., being asked to pay bribes) is equally prevalent. Our findings are consistent with multiple stable corruption equilibria, as well as with a world where voters are more responsive to corruption signals more common in their environment.     

Structural Models of Voter Behavior in the 2000 Polish Presidential Election

Abstract

The data of the 2000 Polish presidential election have been analyzed according to Newman and Sheth's model of voter's choice behavior (1985). Although this model was originally interpreted within the statistical perspective of discriminant analysis, it could be also extended within the framework of structural equation methodology. Namely, if the seven cognitive domains (Issues and Policies, Emotional Feelings, Candidate Image, Current Events, Epistemic Issues, Social Imagery and Epistemic Issues) are assumed to be distinct and separate, they can be treated as independent (predictive) variables with the voter's intention as a dependent or predicted variable. The three models were tested and the resuits of path analysis show the complex pattern of mutual interdependence between the cognitive domains and voter behavior. The specificity of the cause-effect relationship obtained by the structural equation methodology presented in the paper allows us to put forward some practical suggestions regarding the way electoral campaigns should be conducted.     

Models of Voter Behavior in Traditional and Evolving Democracies

ABSTRACT

The data of Polish, Slovenian, and U.S. political elections have been analyzed according to Newman's model of voter's choice behavior (Newman & Sheth 1985; Newman 1999). The results of the research were interpreted with the methodology of structural equations, where cognitive domains, the media, and the emotional feelings toward the candidates were variables in mutual cause-and-effect relationships. The results of the analyses demonstrated the differences in the importance of the media for the election process. In established democracies like in the U.S. the media play an important role as independent means of delivering information, while in evolving democracies media are not independent and are oftentimes used by the competing political sides as an element in electoral battles. The article also presents proposals for studying voter behaviors within constructivist and realistic paradigms as well as some suggestions for marketing practice.     

对制造醉酒驾车危险之先行行为的处罚

对醉酒驾车肇事行为人处罚刑法有明文规定。有必要对售酒的店主、劝酒的人以及同乘等对制造醉酒驾车危险的行为人以先行行为不作为犯进行处罚,其法理基础是自我答责理论和先行行为不作为犯理论。     

价格、GDP与政府对中国税收收入增长的影响

改革开放以来,为了满足政府履行各项职能的需要,中国税收收入获得了快速增长。物价水平的涨落及其波动程度不同对税收收入增长会产生不同影响。GDP增长对税收收入增长的影响会因地区结构和产业结构的不同而异。在税收制度的设计到税收征管的落实整个过程中,政府任何一项行为都将影响税收收入情况。然而,政府行事的关键应该在于保证征税的公平性,而非一味地追求税收收入增长。因此,政府应该致力于促进GDP的增长和改进政府与税收收入相关的行为。