Youthful animal abuse and later problem behavior outcomes: findings from two generations

The objective of this study was to document the long-term relationship between youthful animal abuse and a variety of problem behavior outcomes later in life. Data were used from a national, longitudinal, and multigenerational sample collected by the National Youth Survey Family Study, which assessed families across 27 years from 1977 to 2004. The analytic sample consisted of 2538 individuals who were analyzed using multivariate ordinary least squares and logistic regression modeling that controlled for important demographic factors. Hypotheses were tested across two generations separately showing that a history of animal abuse does, indeed, predict later problem behaviors, including serious offending, marijuana use, other drug use, alcohol use, and deviant beliefs. Depending on the outcome examined, each model accounts for 5–34% of the variation in respondents’ problem behaviors. Within each model, animal abuse was often one of the strongest predictors. Implications of these findings, the study’s limitations, and future research directions are discussed.     

Protection motivation theory as a theoretical framework for understanding the use of protective measures

The use of defensive measures can be a double-edged sword: it can provide the means to protect people and property from potential criminal victimization, but can also be a costly and possibly unnecessary endeavor. However, research examining the factors contributing to the decision whether or not to engage in protective measures is often limited in both quantity and scope. In this article, we propose a theoretical framework for understanding the use of protective measures in response to criminal victimization threats based on Ronald Rogers’ protection motivation theory. Our discussion details Rogers’ theory, suggests variables and measures appropriate for the context of criminal victimization and protective responses, and provides guidance on testing and model adaptation issues. We hope that this will encourage further model development and testing to improve the understanding of individual protective behavior in response to crime or the threat of crime.     

Evidence of a ‘refugee paradox’ for antisocial behavior and violence in the United States

Few, if any, studies have examined antisocial behaviors among refugees especially using population-based samples. As such, it is unresolved whether the ‘immigrant paradox’ for antisocial behavior extends to include refugees. Employing data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, we assess the lifetime prevalence of antisocial behavior among refugees (n = 428) in contrast with non-refugee immigrants (n = 4955) and native-born Americans (n = 29,267). Additionally, we assess the effect of age of arrival and time spent in the Unites States. Results indicate that refugees were significantly less likely than native-born Americans or non-refugee immigrants to report involvement in any non-violent or violent behavior with the exception of injuring someone such that they had to receive medical attention. We also found no significant relationship between duration as refugee and antisocial behavior. However, persons who spent more than one year as a refugee were significantly more likely to report involvement in violence. Overall, but with some caveats, findings suggest that the immigrant paradox extends to refugees as well.     

中国企业发展的战略思考

现代化经营和现代化管理是现代企业运行中的两个不同侧面,也是企业实现强势发展和长远发展的根本途径,二者在企业运行中的全面结合和有效开展,才能确保企业的强势发展和长远发展。价值最大化和发展持续化是所有企业发展运作的理想目标,但资源短缺化和生命周期化却是企业在现实发展中普遍面临的发展障碍。通过现代化经营(产品运营与资本运营的有效结合)来充分获取资源,实现价值最大化,解决企业资源短缺化的问题,实现企业的强势发展;通过现代化管理(职能管理、战略管理和文化管理的有效结合)来巩固企业现代化经营的成果,实现企业资源在企业内外部运作中的科学配置,这样才能从根本上解决企业生命周期化的问题,实现企业发展的持续化。     

公安机关现行绩效考评的三大症结

公安机关现行的绩效考评工作存在着三大症结:定位不准确、实施不系统和组织基础薄弱。其中,定位不准确是最根本的症结,只有从公安组织战略管理层面去定位绩效考评工作,才能真正还原其作用,设计和实施才可能系统,组织基础才可能加强。     

Relationship Abuse and Victims’ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Associations with Child Behavior Problems

This study examined associations among male-to-female physical and psychological relationship aggression, female partners’ PTSD symptoms, and behavior problems among the children (n = 62) of men enrolled in a treatment program for relationship abuse perpetration. Psychological aggression was a stronger predictor of child behavior problems than physical assault. Restrictive engulfment and hostile withdrawal behaviors evidenced the strongest bivariate associations with child behavior problems, and were the strongest predictors of this outcome when considering four distinct forms of psychological aggression together. Victim PTSD symptoms largely mediated the effects of psychological aggression on child behavior. Findings suggest that male-to-female psychological aggression and victim PTSD symptoms play an important role in understanding behavior problems among children living with male relationship abuse perpetrators. Portions of this work were presented at the annual convention of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New Orleans, Louisiana, November, 2004.     

论人格形成责任

人格责任是以相对意志自由论为根据,折衷道义责任论和社会责任论提出的一种归责方法。人格责任由行为责任和人格形成责任两个层次构成。基于责任判断的伦理性和整体性标准,人格形成责任直接影响定罪。大陆法系刑法理论上的刑事责任与我国的刑事责任有所不同,但人格形成责任的理论仍然可以在部分刑事责任能力、过失累犯等问题上为我们提供借鉴。     

The Impact of Tax Reduction on the Chinese Urban Household's Comsupation Gap——Analysis of Consumer Behavior Based on Price Effect

By studying the elasticity of consumption demand of urban households at different income levels and the price effect of tax reduction, we can analyze the effect of tax reduction on the consumption gap of urban residents. The results show that the marginal expenditure share of all kinds of urban households' consumption does not necessarily change linearly between income levels, and there is heterogeneity between consumption behaviors at different income levels. VAT rate cut could effectively reduce the input and output unit costs and prices, contributes all categories of consumption price index to decline. Notably, such price decline is relatively remarkable in the health, social work and social security department in the service sector, which decreases the urban household's health care consumer price index and reduces the corresponding expenditure. Overall, the tax reduction can effectively close the consumption gap among urban households, but the consumption gap between the middle-income households and the low-income households still requires close attention. In view of this, the relevant policies can further alleviate the consumption gap from improving the equalization of public services, implementing the effect of tax reduction and improving the consumption tax system.     

城市老年妇女健康问题探究

物质条件、婚姻状况、受教育程度的不同以及社会保障制度的不完善等因素导致城市老年妇女在身体、心理健康方面出现许多问题。为促进城市老年妇女健康,老年妇女自身要增强健康意识;积极营造和谐温馨的家庭环境;努力推进社区的作用;努力维护老年妇女的合法权益。     

公安行政执法权行使中存在的问题及解决途径

公安行政执法权是公安机关及其人民警察在履行维护社会治安秩序职责,完成治安管理各项任务过程中必不可少的权力。公安机关在行使行政执法权过程中还存在一些问题,分析其原因找出解决问题的有效途径是当务之急。