社会迅速转型背景下的道德失范与青少年犯罪

中国作为具有独特国情的社会主义国家,在当今社会转型背景下,必然会出现由经济快速转型而导致的社会失范,尤其是道德失范。在社会道德失范的情况下,道德的社会维系功能减弱甚至丧失,并带来青少年犯罪等其他社会问题。对社会迅速转型所引发的道德失范问题进行深入分析,探讨道德失范与青少年犯罪之间的辩证关系,并从预防青少年犯罪角度对道德重建提出构想。     

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND THE FAMILY COURT

A major focus of the Youth at Risk Initiative is the provision of appropriate community based mental health services to help prevent unnecessary residential placement of troubled youth and thereby reduce the risk of troubled youth becoming criminal offenders. Yet, inexplicably, one of the major factors contributing to the risk of criminal offending has received scant attention. That factor is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This article established the widespread prevalence of ADHD among troubled youth and hence, the critical importance of identifying and treating ADHD as an essential component for any best practices model for the Family Court. It also examined the major mechanisms whereby ADHD increases the risk for criminal offending.     

DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR,OFFICIAL DELINQUENCY,AND GENDER: CONSEQUENCES FOR ADULTHOOD FUNCTIONING AND WELL‐BEING*

The general aim of this article is to evaluate the consequences of both delinquent behavior and institutionalization as a juvenile delinquent on the quality of adult functioning and well‐being, with a specific focus on gender differences. Data were gathered from two related data sources: a sample of previously institutionalized offenders (n=210) and a sample of individuals living in private households (n=721). Males and females in both samples were interviewed initially in 1982 when they were adolescents and re‐interviewed in their late twenties. Results showed that having been institutionalized as an adolescent seriously compromises multiple life domains in adulthood, especially for females. The data also show that an official delinquent status and a high level of involvement in delinquency during adolescence each has independent consequences for male and female adult functioning and well‐being. Institutionalization is strongly predictive of precarious, premature, unstable, and unsatisfied conditions in multiple life domains but much less predictive of behavioral outcomes. On the other hand, a high level of delinquency involvement in adolescence is predictive of antisocial behavior in adulthood, but it tends to have no direct effects on adversity in other life domains. These results are mostly invariant across gender.     

青少年性犯罪的罪前情境

犯罪罪前情境的初步研究明确了情境因素如何促使青少年罪犯产生犯罪的动机,如何促使犯罪动机转化为犯罪行为。青少年性犯罪的罪前情境包括主观罪前情境、客观罪前情境和时空中的罪前情境,并各具表现形式。     

转型期青少年犯罪及其控制

在中国社会由传统的封闭半封闭的农业社会向现代的开放的工业社会转型过程中 ,不仅青少年犯罪所占比重有了明显变化 ,而且青少年犯罪的犯罪主体、犯罪类型、犯罪手段、犯罪组织、犯罪结构等方面也发生了深刻变化 ,较改革开放之初显示出许多新的特点和规律。而这些新的特点和规律警示我们探讨新的青少年犯罪控制手段是非常必要的 ,具体包括行为控制、环境控制、法律控制。     

Juvenile Delinquency in Switzerland Over 50 Years: Assessing Trends beyond Statistics

The general public seems to be convinced that juvenile delinquency has massively increased over the last decades. However, this assumption is much less popular among academics and some media where doubts about the reality of this trend are often expressed. In the present paper, trends are followed using conviction statistics over 50 years, police and victimization data since the 1980s, and self-report data collected since 1992. All sources consistently point to a massive increase of offending among juveniles, particularly for violent offences during the 1990s. Given that trends were similar in most European countries, explanations should be sought at the European rather than the national level. The available evidence points to possible effects of increased opportunities for property offences since 1950, and although causality remains hard to prove, effects of increased exposure to extreme media violence since 1985Swiss conviction statistics are based on registration in the national register of convictions. After 1971, minors were registered only in exceptional cases (Balvig 1988, p. 30)     

Examining the Reciprocal Nature of the Health-Violence Relationship: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample

The correlation between health and offending is typically regarded as the result of confounding factors such as socioeconomic status and drug use, with little consideration given to the plausibility of reciprocal effects. Using two waves of data collected on 14,738 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a simultaneous structural equations modeling approach was used to determine whether there is a symbiotic relationship between health and violence. Findings indicate that minor health problems have delayed effects on violence and that involvement in violence also negatively affects future health. Discussion centers on this reciprocal relationship, implications for future research, and public health and delinquency prevention policy.     

Helplessness and Hopelessness in Adolescents who Commit Sexual and Nonsexual Crimes

The authors’ purpose was to test the relationship of helplessness and hopefulness to experienced trauma, as well to explore the role of these emotions to sexual and nonsexual criminal behaviors among 332 residential youths adjudicated for sexual crimes. All subtypes of trauma measured were positively correlated with helplessness, whereas hopelessness was not associated with sexual or physical abuse. Helplessness was associated with the severity of sexual crimes, as well as the commission of multiple nonsexual crimes. Hopelessness was not associated to any sexual crime characteristics and only associated with general delinquency and property damage. In the regression models, controlling for trauma, helplessness predicted sexual and nonsexual criminality, and hopelessness predicted nonsexual criminality. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.     

Contextualizing the Impact of Legal Representation on Juvenile Delinquency Outcomes: A Review of Research and Policy

This study examines the empirical research on legal representation in delinquency proceedings and situates it in the broader investigation of how states provide legal assistance to juvenile defendants. Our review of empirical studies found that attorney presence was an aggravating factor in dispositional decisions. After closely examining state statutory provisions on legal representation in juvenile delinquency proceedings, we suggest that the penalty effect of attorney presence is an artifact of the variation in state laws governing access and oversight of juvenile counsel. We conclude with suggestions for future research, policy, and practice.