EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND AND THE MICHAEL‐ADLER REPORT: SEARCHING FOR THE SOUL OF CRIMINOLOGY SEVENTY YEARS LATER*

In response to a devastating critique of the state of criminology known as the Michael‐Adler Report, Edwin H. Sutherland created differential association theory as a paradigm for the field of criminology. I contend that Sutherland's strategy was flawed because he embraced a sociological model of crime and in doing so adopted a form of sociological positivism. Furthermore, Sutherland ignored key facts about crime that were contrary to his theoretical predilections. Recognizing that facts must come first and that criminology is an interdisciplinary field of study, I offer life‐course criminology as a paradigm for understanding the causes and dynamics of crime. In addition, I identify three warning signs that I believe inhibit the advancement of criminology as a science and a serious intellectual enterprise.     

番鸭细小病毒与鹅细小病毒PCR鉴别诊断方法的建立

根据番鸭细小病毒(MDPV)和鹅细小病毒(GPV)基因组的非同源序列各设计了1对引物MDPVF1/R1和GPVF1/R1,建立了一种PCR方法,用该PCR方法分别对GPV、MDPV、鸭瘟病毒(DPV)、鸭肝炎病毒(DHV)、鸭呼肠孤病毒(DRV)、犬细小病毒(CPV)和猫泛白细胞减少症病毒(FPLV)的病毒培养物及其核酸进行扩增。结果,引物MDPVF1/R1仅特异性扩增出MDPV的900 bp核酸片段,引物GPVF1/R1仅特异性扩增出GPV的465 bp核酸片段。表明,建立的PCR方法可用于GPV和MDPV的鉴别诊断。     

我国刑法对非公有制经济区别保护的原因探析——兼评平等保护观

侵犯公有制经济和非公有制经济的职务犯罪,其犯罪主体的身份是不同的,这种不同导致了刑法对两种经济成分的区别保护。对二者区别保护既是罪刑均衡原则的要求,又反映了人民群众的利益和价值取向,因而是合理的。     

日本血吸虫信号转导蛋白Sjwnt10a基因的克隆及其在童虫和成虫中mRNA表达量的变化

利用RACE技术从19日龄的日本血吸虫童虫中扩增了1个Wnt家族基因,并对其进行了生物信息学分析。同源性分析表明,该基因为日本血吸虫新基因,完整开放阅读框(ORF)长1896 bp,编码631个氨基酸,理论分子质量为73.3 ku。该基因编码的氨基酸序列具有Wnt家族蛋白的典型特征,与人、鼠Wnt10a的氨基酸序列同源性均为26%,推测为血吸虫的Wnt10a基因,命名为Sjwnt10a(Gen BanK登录号DQ643829)。利用实时荧光定量PCR分析该基因在日本血吸虫不同发育阶段虫体中的表达情况,结果显示该基因在19日龄的日本血吸虫童虫中表达量最高,在14日龄童虫和44日龄雄虫中也有表达,但分别仅为19日龄童虫表达量的8.8%和5.0%,而在31日龄成虫和44日龄雌虫中没有检测到该基因。结果提示,童虫差异表达的Sjwnt10a基因可能对童虫的生长、发育至关重要。     

MRI鉴别新鲜与陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折

目的 探讨MRI对新鲜与陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折的鉴别价值.方法 回顾性分析43例胸、腰椎椎体压缩性骨折的MRI表现,MRI检查序列主要为T1WI、T2WI和STIR.结果 本组43例共发现55处胸、腰椎椎体压缩性骨折,其中46处椎体被判定为新鲜骨折,T1WI呈低信号或低信号中混有少许高信号,T2WI呈高信号,STIR呈明...     

Effect of Temperature on the Visualization by Digital Color Mapping of Latent Fingerprint Deposits on Metal

Visualization of fingerprint deposits by digital color mapping of light reflected from the surface of heated brass, copper, aluminum, and tin has been investigated using Adobe^® Photoshop^®. Metals were heated to a range of temperatures (T) between 50°C and 500°C in 50°C intervals with enhancement being optimal when the metals are heated to 250°C, 350°C, 50°C, and 300°C, respectively, and the hue values adjusted to 247°, 245°, 5°, and 34°, respectively. Fingerprint visualization after color mapping was not degraded by subsequent washing of the metals and color mapping did not compromise the visibility of the fingerprint for all values of T. The optimum value of T for fingerprint visibility is significantly dependent of the standard reduction potential of the metal with Kendall's Tau (τ) = 0.953 (p < 0.001). For brass, this correlation is obtained when considering the standard reduction potential of zinc rather than copper.     

Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific Promotes Regional Economic Integration

正THIS year marks the 25th anniversary of establishment of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC).In the past quarter century,APEC,as an important platform for Asia-Pacific cooperation,has made huge contributions to regional integration and to improving the livelihood of peoples in the locale.China is APEC’s largest developing member nation.In the past 20 or more years since its involvement in APEC,China’s economy has made remarkable achievements throughout its gradual process of integration     

Shifting Perspectives: Cognitive Changes Mediate the Impact of Romantic Relationships on Desistance from Crime

Although research regarding the impact of marriage on desistance is important, most romantic relationships during early adulthood, the period in the life course when involvement in criminal offending is relatively high, do not involve marriage. Using the internal moderator approach, we tested hypotheses regarding the impact of non-marital romantic relationships on desistance using longitudinal data from a sample of approximately 600 African American young adults. The results largely supported the study hypotheses. We found no significant association between simply being in a romantic relationship and desistance from offending. On the other hand, for both males and females quality of romantic relationship was rather strongly associated with desistance. Partner antisociality only influenced the offending of females. Much of the effect of quality of romantic relationship on desistance was mediated by a reduction in commitment to a criminogenic knowledge structure (a hostile view of people and relationships, concern with immediate gratification, and cynical view of conduct norms). The mediating effect of change in affiliation with deviant peers was not significant once the contribution of criminogenic knowledge structure was taken into account. The findings are discussed in terms of social control and cognitive accounts of the mechanisms whereby romantic relationships influence desistance.     

The Empirical Status of Social Learning Theory: A Meta‐Analysis

Social learning theory has remained one of the core criminological paradigms over the last four decades. Although a large body of scholarship has emerged testing various propositions specified by the theory, the empirical status of the theory in its entirety is still unknown. Accordingly, in the present study, we subject this body of empirical literature to a meta‐analysis to assess its empirical status. Results reveal considerable variation in the magnitude and stability of effect sizes for variables specified by social learning theory across different methodological specifications. In particular, relationships of crime/deviance to measures of differential association and definitions (or antisocial attitudes) are quite strong, yet those for differential reinforcement and modeling/imitation are modest at best. Furthermore, effect sizes for differential association, definitions, and differential reinforcement all differed significantly according to variations in model specification and research designs across studies. The implications for the continued vitality of social learning in criminology are discussed.     

Differential Social Support,Differential Coercion,and Organized Criminal Activities

Utilizing differential social support and coercion theory, the study examines how levels of social support and coercion lead to involvement in organized criminal activities through the development of anger, low self-control, low social control, and access to illegitimate social support. The findings show that the association between social support and organized criminal activities is mediated through anger, self-control, social control, and access to illegitimate social support. Similarly, the relationship between coercion and organized criminal activities is mediated through anger, self-control, and illegitimate social support. The results also reveal that coercion has a direct effect on crime. The study offers preliminary theoretical support but more theoretical and empirical work is required to clarify the causal continuum of erraticness and consistency of central variables.