Delinquent networks in Sweden

This study covers all persons under the age of 20 who were suspected of having committed a crime in the Swedish city of Borlänge (approx. 50,000 inhabitants) during the years of 1975–1977. The juveniles (575 in all) were followed up during a total of 10 years. A sociometric method based on police data was developed for studying co-offending patterns. The method was validated through a smaller number of interviews with the juveniles. This study shows that a large majority of the most delinquency active juveniles was associated with a large network of delinquent relations. The stronger the connection to this network, the more substantial, serious, and long-lasting were the delinquency and other asociality. This network also seemed to be very important with regard to the reproduction of juvenile delinquency in the municipality. At the end of the follow-up period juvenile delinquency in Borlänge had basically the same character as at the beginning, even though the juveniles included in the network were, to a large extent, new. The young offenders who were central figures in the new network had successively learned their roles from the network's old members.This paper is based on results published initially in a report entitledDelinquent Networks (Sarnecki, 1986).     

Athletic Involvement and Adolescent Delinquency

Athough conventional wisdom suggests that organized sport deters delinquency by building character, structuring adolescents’ time, and providing incentives for socially approved behavior, the empirical evidence to date has been mixed. Based on a sample of approximately 600 Western New York adolescents, the present study examined how self-reported jock identity, school athlete status, and frequency of athletic activity differentially influenced a range of delinquent behaviors. Neither athlete status nor frequency of athletic activity predicted these behaviors; however, jock identity was associated with significantly more incidents of delinquency. This finding was robust across both gender and race. Follow-up analyses indicated that jock identity facilitated both minor and major delinquency, with major delinquency effects for white but not black adolescents. Research scientist at the Research Institute on Addictions and adjunct assistant professor of sociology at the University at Buffalo, SUNY. Her research interests focus primarily on adolescent and young adult health-risk behaviors such as substance use, sexual risk-taking, and suicidality. She is the principal investigator of a exploratory study of athletic involvement, gender, and substance use by college students. Professor of physical education and sport at S.U.N.Y. Brockport for 33 years. A native New Yorker, he has also held adjunct faculty appointments at universities in Finland, Israel, England, New Zealand, and Norway. He has authored or edited nearly a hundred publications in physical education, sociology of sport, and social psychology of sport, including Sports Fans: The Psychology and Social Impact of Spectators (Routledge) and Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport (Human Kinetics). Senior research scientist at the Research Institute on Addictions and adjunct associate professor of sociology at the University at Buffalo, SUNY. Her research interests include family influences on the development of adolescent substance use and other problem behaviors, including gambling. Professor of sociology at D’Youville College, and director of the Center for Research on Physical Activity, Sport & Health. He has conducted numerous nationwide studies of the links among sport, health, and educational outcomes. An avid scholar on gender relations, his recent book Prison Masculinities (Temple University) focuses on the USA prison system. Professor of sociology at the University at Buffalo, SUNY. Author of numerous articles and books on adolescent and parental development in families and groups, his most recent book is Collaborative Circles: Friendship Dynamics and Creative Work (University of Chicago).     

台湾地区女性权力参与的现状及原因分析

台湾地区女性权力参与起步于20世纪五六十年代,随着台湾威权体制的瓦解及西方女性主义思潮的传入,女性日渐成为台湾政治运作过程中不容忽视的因素。一方面,得益于政治民主化的推进及台湾民众深厚的“悲情意识”,女性参政情况得到有效改善,越来越多的女性开始进入政治生活,甚至进入政治决策核心。女性特有的政治魅力对于政治斗争的降温、政治僵局的化解起到特殊的积极作用,从而推动了台湾政治的良性发展。另一方面,由于受到社会经济制度、传统文化观念、大众传媒等不利因素的影响,台湾地区女性权力参与的发展并非一帆风顺,仍存在参政比例偏低、参政代价较大等不足,对女性切实发挥参政议政作用造成严重制约。     

Modified differential lysis for sexual assault samples using a combined enzymatic and alkaline approach

Sexual assault sample processing,despite recent funding and research efforts,remains time-consuming,labourious,and inefficient.These limitations,combined with the prevalence of sexual assaults,have prompted the need to develop a cheaper,quicker,and more robust method for separating victim and perpetrator contributions within sexual assault evidence so that analysts can keep pace with submissions and cases can be resolved in a timely manner.Thus,this study examined the use of a combined enzymatic and alkaline approach for differential cell lysis-with the goal of developing a quick,cheap,and more efficient DNA isolation method.Quantification results for this assay revealed that(72.0±18.3)％,(15.8±14.2)％,and(29.5±23.7)％of total DNA were retained in sperm fractions for neat semen,neat vaginal,and semen-vaginal mixture eluates,respectively.Short tandem repeat(STR)analysis of mixture samples processed with this technique exhibited sperm fraction DNA profiles with mean male-to-female ratios of 1.74:1,which was a 3.01±2.30-fold improvement in male-to-female ratios and led to the recovery of 5.90±7.80 unshared male contributor alleles in sperm fractions that were otherwise undetected in unseparated controls.Overall,this study presented a modified differential lysis approach using prepGEM™ and sodium hydroxide treatments that can accomplish cell elution and fractional lysis within 25 min.Future studies should investigate alternative\"non-sperm\"cell lysis methods to enhance lysis efficiency and minimize the potential for inhibition,as well as the optimization and automation of this technique.