劳动争议解决机制的困境与出路

适宜的争议处理机制须满足一国劳动关系发展的实际需要。为此,大多数国家建立了比较成熟的劳动争议解决机制。我国也初步形成了独具特色的劳动争议解决机制,即实行“一调一裁两审”的体制,并辅以“一裁终局”。然而,在实践中暴露出的诸多问题凸显了目前解决体制的不足与缺陷。基于此,寻求一条更适宜的争议解决机制之路,即怎样提高各处理机构解决争议的能力,整合各种资源,实现案件分流,缓解案多人少的矛盾等就成为十分迫切的问题。     

解决医疗纠纷 需第三方机制

医疗纠纷中患方放弃法律途径而选择雇请医闹的非法律途径维权的现象日益普遍,严重扰乱了医疗秩序,进一步激化了医患矛盾。鉴于此,在深入分析现有医疗纠纷解决机制缺陷的基础上,积极构建一种新型的、中立、实效的诉讼外第三方机制,是消除医闹、公平解决医疗纠纷的必由之路。     

企业年终奖之劳动争议与处理研究

年终奖事关用人单位和员工双方切身利益。对年终奖问题的研究不仅可以起到对劳动者权益保护和规范的作用,更是对劳动领域相关理论问题的补充和完善。研究从有关年终奖的劳动争议出发,分析其设置动因及性质,提出在员工提前离职或者因法定原因不在岗时如何发放的争议问题。通过分析产生这些争议的内在原因,并结合其他国家的年终奖发放状况,研究认为应该从明确企业年终奖发放制度的价值之维度、在法律层面进行制度设计、在司法实践中做好利益平衡等角度出发,对年终奖的劳动争议有一个清晰认识和正确处理。     

澳门劳资纠纷处理制度的结构、功能及启示

澳门劳资纠纷处理制度在结构上分为三部分,劳工事务局、检察院、法院依据法律对劳资纠纷有不同的处理权限,劳工事务局通过劳动监察处理绝大多数的劳资纠纷,依凭行政处罚以及提起刑事诉讼的强威慑,涉嫌劳动违法的企业在此阶段多会选择与劳工达成和解。检察院对劳动监察"下漏"的纠纷继续进行调解。及至法院,纠纷数量已极大减少,且主要集中于法律问题。此种以劳动监察为主体,法院为最终解决方式,注重调解的劳资纠纷处理结构,有助于帮助劳工高效维权,提升劳工对于政府的信赖,降低司法压力,对于内地当前正在进行的劳资纠纷处理制改革具有借鉴意义。     

Domestic Institutions,Trade Disputes,and the Monitoring and Enforcement of International Law

Why do some governments participate more actively in the enforcement of international law than others? In the context of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/World Trade Organization (WTO), I argue that domestic institutions – and, specifically, the electoral rule – can account for these differences. Interest groups are frequently harmed when foreign governments violate international law and have compliance information, but they lack access to formal enforcement mechanisms, such as dispute settlement bodies. I identify two complementary effects of domestic institutions. Where domestic institutions increase the government’s responsiveness to interest groups, the government is more likely to enforce international law on their behalf. In turn, because they expect that rule violations are more likely to be enforced, interest groups are more willing to contribute to the monitoring of international law. Hence, interest groups are more likely to provide the information necessary for enforcement, and governments are more likely to be aware of rule violations and to provide enforcement. Empirical evidence from the GATT/WTO is consistent with these propositions.     

‘Trouble at the gates’: Italian base workers and foreign relations at Camp Darby, 1968-1971

ABSTRACT

From 1968 to 1971, close to a thousand Italian civilian employees at the United States (U.S.) military base, Camp Darby, located in Tuscany faced a series of recurrent layoffs from the U.S. Department of Defence. In a determined effort to protect their jobs, the base workers launched a series of disruptive and persistent forms of protest and civil disobedience that played on the instability of the Italian government and threatened to unsettle the relations between Italy and the United States. Drawing on original archival material from both countries, including large numbers of Italian-language sources, this article provides the first detailed examination of the labor dispute at Camp Darby. I will argue that the base workers secured the intervention of politicians, diplomats, and the Prime Minister in the resolution of the labor dispute by asserting the political significance of their cause both domestically and internationally. The result, I argue, was foreign relations shaped by the agency and often, individual agenda of the non-American workforce at Camp Darby. The dispute points to the complex encounters at play on U.S. military bases abroad as American foreign relations are faced with the convergence of radical labor traditions with Italian domestic politics, and U.S. labor expectations.     

劳动争议仲裁时效制度的突破及其局限

劳动争议仲裁时效是直接关系到劳动关系双方的权利能否得到法律有效救济的制度.<劳动争议调解仲裁法>针对劳动争议仲裁时效制度在实践中产生的时效期间过短等诸多弊端,对劳动争议仲裁时效制度进行了一定程度的突破.同时,这些规定在实践中还存在着一定的局限性需要进一步的明确和完善.     

劳动争议一裁终局制度适用问题探究

我国劳动争议中的“一裁终局”制度,是我国的《劳动争议阔解仲裁法》在基本维持传统“一裁两审· 处理机制的基础上,具有原创性的制度设计。但该制度的实际执行效果并未完全达到立法者的预期。司法实践中适用 “一裁终局”存在诉权受限面临法理质疑、劳动仲裁公信力不足,一裁终局实际执行效果不理想等问题,亟待解决。因 此,统一对一裁终局适用范固的理解、扩大劳动争改一我终局的适用范固、完善我国劳动仲裁监督机制等成为解决此 间题的合理方案。     

医疗纠纷诉讼证据问题与对策——对病历-鉴定-审判模式的反思

医疗纠纷诉讼证据包括民事诉讼法规定的七种证据。由于医疗纠纷诉讼的特殊性,我国司法实践已经形成了病历—鉴定—审判的审理模式。法官在案件审理过程中,存在案件事实认定的鉴定结论依赖性及法律责任认定的鉴定结论依赖性。然而,其不利因素是病历资料的客观真实性在现存制度下难以保障,双轨制的鉴定制度还很不完善。建议引入特定场所视听资料对病历真实性进行佐证,加强电子病历真实性的管理与监控,完善鉴定人出庭制度,推行专家辅助人制度及采取专家陪审员制度。     

互联网法院的演进逻辑与功能定位

互联网法院作为网络思维、网络技术与现代司法深度融合的产物,它是以“网上案件网上审”为审理思维,充分运用网络信息技术手段,将网络案件受理、送达、调解、证据交换、庭前准备、庭审、宣判、送达等诉讼环节在线化,构筑前置化调解、ODR、诉讼等多层级、多元化的解决网络纠纷的专门性审判机关。互联网法院作为我国网络治理模式的“试验田”,其演进历程与法院信息化建设息息相关,从1995年的萌芽至今,互联网法院演进逻辑可划分为四个阶段,初创期(1995年)、探索期(1996—2011年)、快速形成期(2012—2018年)、实践期(2019年至今)。从语义与实证分析可窥见,互联网法院的功能定位为解决网络纠纷、便利民众以及探索网络治理新模式,旨在建立高效、便捷、专业、低成本的网络纠纷化解机构,从而推动网络纠纷的专业化治理和网络空间治理的法治化。