Winners, Losers, and Efficiency: Achieving Multiple Goals in Japan's Financial System Reforms

When giving policy advice, economists often proceed as if efficiency is the only valid social goal. Although efficiency is important, we argue that single-minded pursuit of it is counterproductive. It unnecessarily erects political hurdles to the enactment of efficiency-enhancing reforms because policy proposals that ignore valid, nonefficiency concerns are more likely to meet political and bureaucratic resistance. Moreover, such resistance may be avoided. A number of design principals can be employed to craft proposals that address political goals without abandoning efficiency. We describe three classes of principles: creative design of market mechanisms, maintenance of marginal incentives, and compensation for losers.We then illustrate their practical application in the context of Japanese financial-sector deregulation. This policy area usefully illustrates the importance of considering multiple goals in policy design. While efficiency is a frequently expressed goal, Japan's continued policy paralysis indicates that the bureaucratic and political goals of major stakeholders make the straightforward deregulation of financial markets difficult to achieve. We do not purport to resolve the entrenched barriers to economic reform in Japan, but to the extent that we identify and address valid nonefficiency goals, the conclusions of the analysis are relevant.     

Procedural Justice,Outcome Favorability and Emotion

This study investigated the effects of procedural justice on discrete emotional responses. Based upon the cognitive appraisal model of emotion, it was argued that the experience of procedural justice (or injustice) allows individuals to derive meaning from favorable and unfavorable allocation decisions. Thus, procedural justice works with outcome favorability to produce a variety of emotional states. These ideas were tested in a laboratory experiment. As predicted, two happiness-related emotions (happiness and joy) and a sadness-related emotion (disappointment) showed only a main effect for outcome favorability. Two anger-related emotions (anger and frustration) were highest when an unfavorable outcome occurred because of an unfair procedure. Higher levels of guilt and anxiety were reported when an unfair procedure resulted in a favorable outcome. Contrary to predictions, a third happiness-related emotion (pride) showed only a main effect for outcome favorability.     

试论惩罚犯罪的刑罚目的

探究刑罚惩罚犯罪目的的价值、刑法学界否认刑罚惩罚犯罪目的的原因以及我国刑罚惩罚目的的历史根源和伦理基础。刑罚惩罚目的是罪刑法定和罪责刑相适应原则对于刑罚目的的必然要求。刑罚目的应以通过刑罚惩罚犯罪,伸张社会正义作为其追求的价值目标。     

旅游让生活更美好？

随着旅游业的进一步发展和影响力的日益扩大,旅游的社会功能愈来愈受到学界关注。本文通过构建服务评估变量（服务公平性、服务质量、感知价值）、旅游满意和生活满意之间关系的整合模型,实证检验服务评估变量与旅游满意、生活满意之间的关系,验证旅游的社会贡献。通过抽样调查获取基础数据,采用结构方程模型（SEM）方法进行实证分析,发现服务评估变量的服务公平性对生活满意产生直接和间接影响,服务质量和感知价值通过旅游满意对生活满意产生间接影响,从而说明旅游地通过提供优质的旅游服务,能让人们生活更美好,进而实证验证了旅游的社会功能。文章最后指出研究局限和未来研究方向。     

和谐与法治视角下的社会公平正义

在构建社会主义和谐社会和推进依法治国方略全面实施的进程中,如何维护和实现社会公平正义是一个重要而紧迫的重大课题.必须加强对社会公平正义问题的专题研究,准确把握其内涵,正确认识其复杂性,妥善处理构建和谐社会、法治国家与维护、实现社会公平正义的辩证关系.必须直面当前社会存在的一些不和谐因素,在此基础上,树立科学的和谐正义观,把维护和实现公平正义放到社会发展更为突出的位置,维护和实现立法公平、行政公平和司法公正.     

热污染损害赔偿之我见--从司法实例谈起

文章对一起“热污染”案件的判决依据和结果提出了质疑 ,该案中法院认为 ,我国目前对热污染没有相关规定 ,把该案定性为“热污染”案件无法律依据 ,但被告确实给原告造成了损失 ,依据民法相邻关系准则和公平原则 ,给予原告一定的补偿。作者认为 ,我国关于热污染并不存在立法“空白”,只是不完善而已 ,将本案定性为热污染损害侵权案件有法律依据 ,本案应按污染侵权案件的规则处理 ,如无过失责任、举证责任倒置和因果关系推定等规则 ,这样的处理结果更符合立法精神 ,更趋公平。     

基础教育资源不正当竞争探析

基础教育,涉及到每个公民的基本素养和生活品质,关系着国家的发展和民族的命运。基础教育的盛衰,取决于教育资源配置的状况。教育资源既包括教育资金、设施等硬件部分,也包括教育政策、师资、校园文化等软件部分。一般来说,物质决定精神,硬件资源决定软件资源。而教育资源则不然,教育政策决定着资金的投向、教学设施和师资力量的配置。教育政策的不当,导致教育资源配置的不正当竞争,造成了地域之间、城乡之间教育资源配置的巨大差异。严重影响了基础教育的健康发展。要实现教育的公平,必须强化国家对基础教育投资的责任、加大投资力度、创立公平公正的教育资源配置机制、改革教育模式、规范资源配置行为、杜绝教育腐败,建立科学、和谐的基础教育资源配置新体系。     

我国发展独立第三方公共政策评估机构论析

发展独立第曼方政策评估机构是对公共政策公平与效率两大价值追求的必然要求。相比国外而青,当前我困独立笫三方政策评估机构的发展尚不健全,究其原因主要受限于内外两方面因素制约,文章对如何促进我国独立第三方政策评估机构发展展开研究。     

Redfearn v UK: Political Association and Dismissal

In Redfearn v UK the European Court of Human Rights examined the question whether dismissal for membership of a political party is compatible with freedom of association under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Court endorsed a strong commitment to multi‐party democracy and protection of employees against the domination of the employers. This note discusses the judgment and its implications for UK law, looking at three key issues: first, whether the law of unfair dismissal provides effective protection against action that poses a threat to the enjoyment of Convention rights; second, the grounds under which an employer may justify the lawfulness of a dismissal that interferes with a Convention right; third, the available remedies against the employer when there is a breach of a Convention right.     

以公平为导向的职称评审制度构建研究

公平的制度安排是专业技术人员对职称评审制度的理性诉求,但在现实职称评审运作中,存在不少问题,造成了职称评审制度的公平缺失。构建以公平为导向的职称评审制度,应在职称评审的规则与程序、专家库建设、评委会管理、业绩证据认定和评审过程监督等方面作出制度设计。