Equal reproduction rights? The right to found a family in United Nations’ disability policy since the 1970s

ABSTRACT

With the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in 2006, disability as an issue of human rights and international law can no longer be ignored. The history of this convention can be traced back to the 1970s, when disability was framed in United Nations (UN) declarations as a human-rights issue at the global level. One of the recurrent topics of debate during this trajectory was the right of people with disabilities to found a family. This right was far from self-evident and was evaluated very differently by various stakeholders.

This study follows the right to have a family in UN disability policy since the 1970s. The history of the family in relation to disability at the global level has been a neglected field of enquiry compared to other concepts such as gender and race. This study investigates how and why the right to found a family was framed in the Declarations on the Rights of Mentally Disabled Persons (1971) and Disabled Persons (1975), the International Year of Disabled Persons (1981), the International Decade of Disabled Persons (1983 ? 1992), the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (1993) and the UNCRPD in 2006.

The trajectory of the right of people with disabilities to found a family that emerges from these cases shows a change in the 1990s from a social-policy to a human-rights approach towards disability – which reflects a broader trend in global and local histories of human rights. In the case of reproductive rights of people with disabilities this change meant that the emphasis was laid more on providing a legal protection for the individual against the interference of others (so-called negative freedom) than on enhancing the opportunities for disabled people to practice their (positive) freedom.     

能动司法背景下家事调解机制必要性研究

在一个利益多元、价值多元的时代,家事纠纷的解决机制也呈现出多样化的特点,在这些机制中,家事调解既符合世界发展的趋势,又有深厚的本土基础。能动司法揭示了社会主义司法理念的本质特征,这也为中国特色家事调解机制提供了重要的理论依据。     

家事纠纷解决机制的调查与研究

家事纠纷解决机制的研究应以我国社会生活方式与婚姻家庭观念变化为背景，在现有诉讼方式和调解方式并行的纠纷解决机制基础上，了解调查调解制度的现状和存在的问题及困难。探讨如何加强与完善婚姻家庭调解制度，特别是基层社区调解。为促进婚姻家庭调解制度的改革与创新，重构婚姻家庭调解制度和完善家事纠纷多元解决机制，提出完善诉讼模式和调解模式的建议和对策，如设立专门的家事法庭和附设家事调解委员会及制定特殊程序与证据规则，在《民事诉讼法》中增设家事诉讼程序，条件成熟时制定专门的家事诉讼法；应完善与细化婚姻家庭案件调解流程与规则；应将人民调解作为婚姻家庭纠纷案件的前置程序等，以期为相关立法及政策的制定与完善提供法理依据和数据支撑。     

当代大学生对女性角色期望的比较研究

对264份问卷，在探索性因子分析的基础上，应用独立样本 T 检验的方法，探讨不同性别大学生对女性角色期望差异的研究结果显示：（1）女性角色期望可分为工作角色期望和家庭角色期望两个构面；（2）男女大学生对女性工作角色期望和家庭角色期望存在显著差异；（3）男性对女性工作角色的期望值低于女性；（4）男性对女性家庭角色的期望值高于女性。     

社会性别视野下的妇女婚姻家庭人身权

运用社会性别理论审视我国婚姻家庭人身权的相关法律,发现存在看似对男女两性均公平正义的规定,实际上忽略了妇女在婚姻家庭中的人身权利,有必要在社会性别平等的理论框架下完善我国法律关于婚姻家庭人身权的条款,提出相应的建议,以期在婚姻家庭领域真正实现男女平等。     

论家庭幸福发展

家庭关系健康和谐直接决定着家庭幸福程度,也体现着社会文明程度。幸福家庭大致具备夫妻恩爱、亲人团结、结构健全、身心健康等元素。建设幸福家庭,政府需要千方百计地让痛苦的家庭得到关怀,让困难的家庭得到扶助,让需要的家庭得到服务,让健康的家庭得到发展,让所有的家庭得到保障。通过家庭的幸福发展,可以实现人的全面发展、人口的优化发展和社会的和谐发展。     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Minkkinnen, Thinking Without Desire: A First Philosophy of Law
Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace
Clyde and Edwards, Judicial Review
Oliver, Common Values and the Public-Private Divide
Goodwin-Gill and Talmon (eds), The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie     

家人：两岸关系新文化结构探析

中国大陆一贯坚持以“一家人”的思维来处理对台关系，在新一届中央领导集体成立以后更为明显。本文尝试在社会建构主义三种文化结构即霍布斯文化、洛克文化和康德文化之后，结合两岸关系特殊性和中国文化传统提出“家人文化”这一概念，并以此来观察大陆对台决策思维。其次，本文在分析两岸60余年来所建构和正在形塑的文化结构的基础上，展望未来家人文化结构深度内化以后的两岸政治、经济、社会结构形态，并提出形成家人文化结构的若干关键环节。     

Strengthening family planning stewardship with a total market approach: Mali,Uganda, and Kenya experiences

To improve overall market sustainability, governments and their donors are ramping up efforts to strengthen stewardship in developing country health markets. Key stewardship functions include generating intelligence that enable policymakers, ministerial leaders, and program managers to develop evidence‐based policies and strategies to improve the resource management, supply, and use of health products and services. The total market approach (TMA), an analytic and policy framework, generates market intelligence and improves evidence‐based decision‐making, and also strengthens other stewardship functions, such as building and sustaining partnerships, strengthening tools for implementation, aligning government policy with market interventions, and ensuring accountability/transparency. TMA evolved in response to the phase out of donor support for reproductive health (RH) and family planning (FP) programs and the need to improve coordination among public, private, nongovernmental organizations, and civil society to achieve greater equity, health impact, and market sustainability. To assess TMA's role in strengthening the stewardship of RH/FP markets, this article reviews three countries that applied TMA principles: Mali, Uganda, and Kenya. It identifies how TMA processes influenced stewardship functions and assesses to what degree these processes have contributed to concrete actions to improve market efficiency and sustainability.     

Australia's Children ‘Safe and Well’?1 Collaborating with Purpose Across Commonwealth Family Relationship and State Child Protection Systems

So ubiquitous is reference to collaboration in policy documents that it is in danger of being ignored altogether by service deliverers who are not clear about its rationale, how it is built, or its real value. This is evident in the child and family services context where for example the National Framework for Protecting Australia's Children calls for collaboration and a ‘shared responsibility’ across the state, Commonwealth and the non‐government sectors to keep children safe and well. This article describes a project undertaken to analyse and ultimately increase levels of collaboration between state and Commonwealth government family service providers. The research reinforced an important message that levels of collaboration should align with the vulnerability of children and their families: the greater the level of risks to children, the greater the level of collaboration needed within and between systems to keep children safe.