Gender and Gender-Role Orientation Differences on Adolescents' Coping with Peer Stressors

Gender and gender-role orientation differences were explored on adolescents' coping with peer stressors. Eighth-grade and ninth-grade public junior high school students (N = 285) completed the COPE, reporting the strategies they recently used to deal with a stressful peer-related situation. Measures of gender-role orientation (Bem Sex-Role Inventory) and demographic information also were obtained. Factor analysis of the COPE revealed 4 distinct coping factors: active, avoidant, acceptance, and emotion-focused. The most frequently reported stressful event was arguments/fights with same-sex friends. Girls reported more arguments/fights with opposite-sex friends. Boys reported more physical fights and threats. Students' ratings of how much the situation mattered were used as a covariate in a MANCOVA to compare coping by gender and gender-role orientation, to control for perceived stressfulness of situations. Significant gender-role orientation differences were found for active, acceptance, and emotion-focused coping.     

Gender Differences in Self-Perceptions and Academic Outcomes: A Study of African American High School Students

There is increasing divergence in the academic outcomes of African American males and females. By most accounts, males are falling behind their female peers educationally as African American females are graduating from high schools at higher rates and are going on to college and graduate school in greater numbers. Some have suggested that school completion and performance is associated with how students feel about themselves. The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in the relationship between self-perceptions and 2 academic outcomes among a sample of 243 African American high school sophomores. The results suggest that, overall, females are more favorably oriented toward high school completion. Both male and female students with more positive self-perceptions have stronger intentions to complete the current year of high school. Higher grade point averages were more strongly associated with greater self-efficacy for females than for males. Given these findings, increased attention to educational programming, societal messages, and future research is warranted.     

Gender and Disorder Specific Criminal Career Profiles in Former Adolescent Psychiatric In-Patients

A Norwegian nation-wide sample of 1087 former adolescent psychiatric in-patients, 584 males and 503 females, were followed up 15–33 years after first hospitalization. On the basis of detailed hospital records from index hospitalization all were rediagnosed according to DSM-IV. The patient list was linked to the national criminal register and the diagnostic groups were compared as to gender-specific frequency of registered criminality. Next, the criminal career characteristics were compared in those with criminal records at follow-up, relative to mental disorder at index hospitalization. The prevalence of registered criminality, both overall and for specific types of crimes, differed significantly between diagnostic groups and between genders. In both genders criminal convictions were most frequent in disruptive behavior disorders and personality disorders. Among males, the lowest violent crime rate was observed in those with psychotic disorders. Males had more severe criminal careers than females, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The diagnoses and criminal profiles of the 10 most active criminals in the study sample were described closer, as were the 11 individuals found guilty of homicide.     

Efficacy, Self-Derogation, and Alcohol Use Among Inner-City Adolescents: Gender Matters

Prior studies have found inconsistent relationships between measures of self-concept and adolescent alcohol use. The current study explored whether the link between various measures of self-concept and alcohol use depends on gender. In addition, earlier work suggested a focus on negative self-esteem (i.e., self-derogation) might be more useful in predicting alcohol use. Students (N = 1459) attending 22 middle and junior high schools in New York City completed surveys that included measures of efficacy, self-derogation, and alcohol use. Participants completed surveys at baseline, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up. Data collectors administered the questionnaire following a standardized protocol during a regular 40-min-class period. On the basis of a longitudinal structural equation model, lower efficacy was related to greater self-derogation a year later across gender. Increased self-derogation predicted higher alcohol use for girls but not boys. These findings are congruent with a literature highlighting the importance of negative thoughts about the self in drinking behavior for women but not men. The results suggest that the alcohol prevention approaches should include material to enhance girls' self-esteem.     

影响我国女性就业参与的因素分析

我国现有的女性就业水平、市场化与全球化进程以及劳动力市场供求与市场分割的现状构成了影响我国女性就业参与的宏观因素,同时,女性就业参与还受到家庭与自身的收入差异水平、女性教育与观念素质以及女性在婚姻、家庭与生育职责等因素的影响。     

中国人口受教育状况的性别差异

本文根据第五次人口普查结果,应用教育性别平衡指数分析了当前我国人口受教育状况中的性别差异及其变动趋势。分析结果显示,受教育状况的性别差异在逐渐缩小,但男性的受教育程度依然显著高于女性,受教育程度越高差别越大。文章分析了不同教育阶段所存在的不同程度的性别不平衡问题,并对中国和其它一些国家的教育性别平衡指标进行了比较。     

主体建构性和主体行为宣成性--一种后现代女权主义理论

后现代女权主义以解构主义为目的,放弃了对女性解放具体目标的追求,尽心去解构父权制及男权思想导致的性别歧视和性别压迫,并在此基础上提出了社会性别规定性、主体建构性、主体行为宣成性等理论观点,希望通过打破一些诸如性别、阶级等重要界线,来消除性别不平等.本文试对后现代女权主义这些理论观点、主要代表人物及不足等进行分析和探讨,以期对后现代女权主义有一个较为深入和准确的把握,推动女权主义理论的发展.     

十年来我国妇女/性别理论研究的发展--联合国第四次世界妇女大会产生的积极影响

从1995年第四次世界妇女大会在北京的筹备和召开,到后来举行的北京 5和北京 10等一系列相关的活动,世妇会的原则和理念得到了不断的强化,这些理念凝结和渗透在妇女理论研究领域,极大地推进了我国妇女/性别理论研究事业的发展。本文回顾了十年来妇女/性别理论研究在研究内容、研究视角及研究机制等方面的变化和进展,以期进一步推动我国的妇女/性别研究在社会科学研究领域的重要影响。     

中国妇女与反贫困的回顾与展望

文章回顾了中国妇女贫困和反贫困状况、中国政府在反贫困中付出的巨大努力以及非政府组织对妇女扶贫的贡献,力求用性别视角分析妇女贫困问题、国家的反贫困政策和行动,提出从收入贫困、时间贫困和资产贫困角度来综合分析妇女贫困问题的框架。     

社会性别的马克思主义诠释

对社会性别的马克思主义诠释是社会性别理论本土化和丰富发展马克思主义妇女理论的需要。本文认为社会性别是社会历史的产物,消除不合理性别差异的最终目的是人的解放,实现这一目标的途径是在发展生产力的基础上进行制度文化的变革。社会性别理论在某种程度上存在忽视生理区别、片面归因于文化、抹杀性别差异的局限,需要从马克思主义立场加以补充和校正。