在我国建立以“假释为主、减刑为辅”的罪犯出狱新模式

我国重减刑、轻假释的现状源于刑法规定中的逻辑悖论,由此影响了减刑假释制度对罪犯更新改造、重返社会、预防和减少重新犯罪、降低刑罚成本功能的有效发挥,影响了假释的广泛适用,不利于监狱和社会秩序的稳定。我国应适当降低假释标准,提高减刑标准,以此来完善我国的减刑假释制度。     

行政规范性文件绩效评估的技术性标准

行政规范性文件绩效评估的技术性标准是其评估标准的重要内容,其技术性标准主要包括形式结构技术的评价和语言表述技术。但行政规范性文件普遍存在着制定技术不符合基本标准要求的问题,如名称不规范、文件结构混乱、具体条款编排不符合技术规范要求等。因此,应当根据评估的技术性标准要求对行政规范性文件进行相应的完善,使行政规范性文件体系呈现为统一、协调的整体。     

The Presumption of Proportionality

This article challenges the assumption that the burden of demonstrating that a limitation of a fundamental right is proportionate rests on the public authority seeking to justify the limitation. After considering the operation of burdens and presumptions in European human rights case‐law it notes the difficulties British domestic courts have had in rigorously applying proportionality tests. It suggests that the concerns which lead judges to weaken the requirement of proportionality would be better met by recognising that certain circumstances give rise to a presumption of proportionality, where the burden of demonstrating disproportionality rests on the right‐holder. Five categories of case in which this applies are proposed, and one which has recently been judicially accepted is rejected. Clarifying the types of case in which a presumption of proportionality applies is a preferable strategy to blurring the standards of justification to be met by those seeking to limit the enjoyment of rights.¹     

信息时代犯罪定量标准的体系化构建

伴随着信息技术和互联网的迅猛发展,传统的犯罪定量标准体系在信息时代日渐滞后,难以适用于网络空间和网络犯罪。司法实践中对于犯罪定量标准在"点"上有所探索,但是在"面"上整体滞后,缺乏成体系的犯罪定量标准体系,根本无法对于信息时代不断增长和变异的新型犯罪进行公正、高效的定量评价。信息时代犯罪定量标准的整体创建遭遇着惯性阻碍,表现在信息时代犯罪定量标准体系的单一化倾向与数量化倾向。对于网络犯罪创建体系化的犯罪定量标准是当务之急;而创新全新定量标准体系的整体发展路径,是在采用复合化方案与情节化方案。     

论机动车交通事故责任的赔偿主体

不同的归责原则体现不同的责任分配思想和责任承担基础,因此其责任主体的认定标准也不相同。《道路交通安全法》第76条没有采纳单一的归责原则,而是区分不同的责任范围和交通事故类型分别适用不同的归责原则。"运行支配和运行利益"是危险责任原则下保有者或者运行供用者的判断标准,因此将其作为我国机动车交通事故责任主体的判断标准必然与《道路交通安全法》第76条第(一)项所确立的过错责任相冲突。我国未来制定的民法典应当在厘清归责原则与责任主体之间关系的基础上,正确定位机动车交通事故责任的归责原则,并规定与之相适应的责任主体。     

Confidence in an election authority and satisfaction with democracy: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment of a failed election in Sweden

Contemporary research on electoral integrity has focused on the functioning, evaluation, and legitimacy of electoral processes in emerging democracies. By contrast, this study investigates whether a failed election in a well-established democracy can affect individuals' evaluations of the electoral management body, the Election Authority, and whether those evaluations affect satisfaction with democracy. Using the case of a Swedish regional election in 2010 that had to be rerun due to procedural mistakes in the vote handling, we found that, in the short term, individuals’ confidence in the Election Authority was reduced after it was announced that the election had to be rerun because of the mistakes. Subsequently, this decreased confidence was strongly associated with less satisfaction with democracy at the regional and national level. As good news for the authority, after a successful rerun election, confidence rebounded to the levels prior to the failed election.     

论法医学领域的标准化方法

通过对法医学领域标准化工作存在问题的分析,结合标准化方法的演变历程,运用标准体系和综合标准化的理论和方法,指出法医学领域标准化方法应以需求导向为主,通过构建标准体系指导标准化工作的开展,填补标准缺项,完善现有标准,同时积极适应多专业协同鉴定的发展需求,推进标准综合体的建立,并不断提升制标参与度,加大宣贯,促进标准的应用。     

Juror adjustments to the reasonable doubt standard of proof

The standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt is based on the law's primary motivation to avoid false conviction even at the expense of increasing the probability of false acquittal. Individual jurors, however, have common sense motivations to make factually correct decisions by avoiding both types of error. As a result jurors may interpret the standard of reasonable doubt correctly but deviate from that interpretation in predictable ways when they apply the standard in court. This study makes three hypotheses: (1) jurors are less confident when deciding on acquittal than when deciding upon conviction, (2) conviction is associated with a downward adjustment of the interpreted stringency of the standard at the time of application, and (3) a highly stringent interpretation of the standard is associated with a severe downward adjustment of that stringency at the time of application. The study asked 260 juror-eligible participants to examine a trial scenario. The participants first interpreted the stringency of the legal standard on a probability scale. They then judged the probability of the defendant's guilt, decided on a verdict, and rated their confidence in that verdict. The findings strongly supported all three hypotheses. Application and implication of the study were discussed.     

关于公安民警警务保障问题的几点思考——以提高民警抚恤标准为视角

当前,我国警务保障存在执法权益得不到切实保障、抵御职业风险的保障能力不足等问题。人民警察作为人民利益、国家政权和建设社会主义事业的重要保障者,在正常履职过程中经常面临着自身合法权益受损的问题,因此,提高民警抚恤标准是十分必要的。     

强奸案件证据标准与证明方法的实证分析

强奸案件的证据采信问题在司法实践中颇受争议,出现这种现象的主要原因在于其直接证据的稀缺。针对强奸案件的证据收集和运用中所存在一系列的疑难情形,司法机关不必追求证据之间无任何矛盾,而要从全案证据出发,采取"自由心证"与"相互印证"相结合的证明方法,并运用对质制度,做到完整证据链条支持下的内心确认即可。