20世纪20年代乡土小说述评

乡土小说有着深厚的历史渊源,是中华民族传统精神的继承与延续,也是先贤留给我们的宝贵精神财富。20世纪20年代乡土小说立足于中国本土,有着浓郁的乡土气息,深含强烈的悲剧意识,在表现手法上克服了"思想大于形象"的通病,真实的再现了20年代社会的风貌,开拓了批判现实主义小说的新路,不仅是五四运动以来的重要文学现象,也是现代小说不容错过的课题。它所创造的小说散文化倾向也为小说样式的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。     

图形推理研究

对于人类的智能而言,抽象推理和形象推理缺一不可,而图形推理是形象推理非常重要的形式。积极、深入地开展图形推理规律的研究,对于揭示人类智能的本质、进一步开发人类的智力潜能具有非常重要的理论意义。图形推理是以推理为主、其他思维方式为辅的综合性思维过程;图形推理的有效性既考虑图形在空间形式结构上的联系,又考虑图形与图形之间内容上的联系;图形推理的结论有些是确定的,有些是不确定的,图形推理培养的是发散型思维。图形推理可以分为必然型和或然型、确定型和不确定型、直指型和意谓型、平面型和立体型等多种不同的推理形式。图形推理具有重要的创新功能。     

Review of analytical methods for screening and quantification of fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids in biological specimens

Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids (NSO), including nitazene analogs, prevail in forensic toxicology casework. Analytical methods for identifying these drugs in biological specimens need to be robust, sensitive, and specific. Isomers, new analogs, and slight differences in structural modifications necessitate the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), especially as a non-targeted screening method designed to detect newly emerging drugs. Traditional forensic toxicology workflows, such as immunoassay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS), are generally not sensitive enough for detection of NSOs due to observed low (sub-μg/L) concentrations. For this review, the authors tabulated, reviewed, and summarized analytical methods from 2010–2022 for screening and quantification of fentanyl analogs and other NSOs in biological specimens using a variety of different instruments and sample preparation approaches. Limits of detection or quantification for 105 methods were included and compared to published standards and guidelines for suggested scope and sensitivity in forensic toxicology casework. Methods were summarized by instrument for screening and quantitative methods for fentanyl analogs and for nitazenes and other NSO. Toxicological testing for fentanyl analogs and NSOs is increasingly and most commonly being conducted using a variety of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS)-based techniques. Most of the recent analytical methods reviewed exhibited limits of detection well below 1 μg/L to detect low concentrations of increasingly potent drugs. In addition, it was observed that most newly developed methods are now using smaller sample volumes which is achievable due to the sensitivity increase gained by new technology and new instrumentation.     

GC–MS analysis of eight aminoindanes using three derivatization reagents

Aminoindanes are a class of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) that have become more prevalent over the past decade. GC–MS is often utilized for identifying seized drugs and is well regarded for its ability to separate mixtures. However, certain aminoindanes have similar mass spectral data and require specific gas chromatographic stationary phases for separation. Derivatization is an alternative method that can be applied to GC–MS to enhance chromatographic results, providing more selective analysis in seized-drug identification. This study investigates derivatization techniques to provide options for forensic science laboratories in accurately identifying aminoindanes. Three derivatization reagents, N-methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide) (MBTFA), heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA), and ethyl chloroformate (ECF) were evaluated for the analysis of eight aminoindanes by GC–MS using two common gas chromatographic stationary phases, Rxi®-5Sil MS and Rxi®-1Sil MS. All three derivatization methods successfully isolated eight aminoindanes, including the isomers 4,5-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (4,5-MDAI), and 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (5,6-MDAI) that could not be differentiated prior to derivatization. Reduced peak tailing and increased abundance were observed after derivatization for all the compounds, and mass spectra of the derivatives contained individualizing fragment ions that allowed for further characterization of the aminoindanes. This excluded 4,5-MDAI and 5,6-MDAI as they shared the same characteristic ions and were only distinguishable by their retention times. All three derivatization techniques used in this study allow for successful characterization of the aminoindanes and give forensic science laboratories flexibility in their analysis approach when they encounter these compounds.     

Synthesis,structure, in vitro pharmacology,and in vivo activity of trans-3,4-dichloro-N-[[1-(dimethylamino)-4-phenylcyclohexyl]methyl]-benzamide (AP01; 4-phenyl-AH-7921), a novel mixed μ-/κ-opioid

Analogs of non-fentanyl novel synthetic opioids (NSO) with modifications that fall outside of established structure–activity relationships (SARs) for that class of drugs create the question whether or not it should be considered an analog, as defined by 21 U.S.C. §802(32)(A), which is important for its inclusion in the US system of drug scheduling. AH-7921 is a US Schedule I drug and an example of the 1-benzamidomethyl-1-cyclohexyldialkylamine class of NSO. The SARs regarding substitution of the central cyclohexyl ring have not been well characterized in the literature. Therefore, in order to expand the SAR surrounding AH-7921 analogs, trans-3,4-dichloro-N-[[1-(dimethylamino)-4-phenylcyclohexyl]methyl]-benzamide (AP01; 4-phenyl-AH-7921) has been synthesized, analytically characterized, and tested in vitro and in vivo pharmacologically. Using methods described in the original patents for this class of NSO, it was found that the single trans geometric isomer was obtained. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrum, infrared spectrum, and Raman spectrum are reported along with the melting point of the hydrochloride salt. In vitro binding to a battery of 43 central nervous system receptors showed it to be a high-affinity μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and κ-opioid receptor (KOR) ligand (60 nM and 34 nM, respectively). AP01 also had a 4 nM affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT), which is a higher level of potency at this receptor than most other opioids. In rats, it exhibited antinociception in the acetic acid writhing test. Therefore, the 4-phenyl modification results in an active NSO, but carries with it potential toxicities beyond those expected for currently approved opioid drugs.     

Pressure sensitive adhesives and paper spray-mass spectrometry for the collection and analysis of fentanyl-related compounds from shipping materials

The rise of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in the drug supply pose serious threats to public health. Much of these compounds enter the United States through shipping routes. Here we provide a method for fentanyl screening and analysis that utilizes pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) lined paper to recover drug residues from parcel-related surfaces. The paper used is commercially available repositionable notes (also called post-it or sticky notes). From this paper, mass spectra were obtained by paper spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS), where PSA paper served as both a sampling and analysis substrate. Seven fentanyl-related compounds were analyzed: fentanyl, 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (4-ANPP), N,1-diphenethyl-N-phenylpiperidin-4-amine (phenethyl-4-ANPP), valerylfentanyl, 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl (4-FIBF), carfentanil, and p-fluorofentanyl. These compounds were recovered by PSA paper and identified by PS-MS from packaging tape and plastic at 50 ng and from cardboard and shipping labels at 100 ng. The impact of cutting agents on PS-MS analysis of fentanyl analogs was explored. No trends of analyte suppression were found at high concentrations of the cutting agents caffeine, diphenhydramine, and lidocaine when recovered from surfaces. A cartridge that required no precise cutting of PSA paper prior to sampling or analysis was evaluated for use in PS-MS for fentanyl screening. Recovery and detection of fentanyl from plastic sheeting was demonstrated with this cut-free cartridge. The cut-free cartridge showed somewhat less consistency and lower analyte signal than the standard cartridge, but performance was suitable for potential screening applications. In combining PSA surface sampling with PS-MS for drug screening, both sampling and detection of fentanyl-related compounds is simple, rapid, and low-cost.     

王安忆小说的叙事建构及读解

王安忆是个高产作家,其创作不仅高产而且有质量,因而吸引了许多评论者的目光,但对王安忆小说创作进行总体研究难度甚大。将王安忆小说文本的叙事修辞与作家的叙事理念相结合,在对其小说文本的叙事探究中注入修辞分析的元素,从修辞对话的层面阐释其小说创作,不失为一个新的视角。     

论从民俗文化视角研究莫言小说的意义

莫言小说创作深受民俗文化的影响。民俗文化既是莫言小说创作的素材,又是莫言小说创作的源泉。因此,从民俗文化角度研究莫言小说创作具有非常重要的意义:从民俗文化的视角探讨莫言小说的创作,可以拓宽莫言小说研究的视野;通过揭示民俗文化对莫言的影响,探索莫言小说创作的源泉;莫言清醒的民俗学意识影响和制约着他的小说理论和创作思维,决定着小说的民俗化倾向;通过分析民俗文化在莫言小说中的影响、表现及其作用,探讨莫言小说中的意象所蕴涵的象征意蕴。     

台湾都市文学与海派文学

本文以林燿德和施蛰存开启的台湾都市文学与海派文学的对话为契机,探讨海峡两岸都市文学的隔海传承与变异。30年代上海新感觉派将都市文化的殖民地摩登属性推向顶峰;40年代的海派作家还原出一个琐碎的市民都市空间;台湾新世代作家则塑造了一个集民间、私我和异彩文化等诸多因子交汇的都市场域,包容了更大的阐释空间。这些都市书写都以“感觉”为媒介,借鉴蒙太奇手段刻意颠覆故事情节的连贯性和人物性格的完整性,对欲望书写异乎寻常的关注,在小说的审美形态、叙述角度、结构方式、语言风格等方面,表现出特有的创新度和开放度。     

Illicit payments for illicit goods: noncontact drug distribution on Russian online drug marketplaces

The distribution or consumption of traditional drugs has become the subject of stringent penalties throughout most of the world and synthetic designer drugs have become the alternative. Novel psychoactive substances, also called ‘legal highs’, are highly varied in terms of chemical composition. These substances are advertised and distributed as an alternative to traditional drugs on the Internet, making identification of new substances and enforcement difficult. For this article, we downloaded and analysed 28 Russian-language online drug marketplaces which distribute traditional and novel psychoactive substances. All marketplaces used a noncontact drug dealing method where the seller and the buyer communicate through the Internet to arrange for payment and delivery of drugs without meeting face-to-face. Geographic information, price, amount, substance type and payment method data were extracted. Findings indicate such marketplaces are able to operate due to the ability of their clients to pay anonymously with the virtual currencies – Qiwi and Bitcoin.