西学东渐与晚清小说读者的变化

在近代西学东渐的历史大环境中,晚清小说不仅在向近代转型的士大夫中广泛传播,并拥有一个新的壮观的读者群体———由近代新式学堂培养出来或通过出国留学而形成的新型知识分子。而“小说界革命”以开启民智的宗旨,使之自觉地将读者定位于下层市民,小说开始真正地在广大下层市民中传播开来。因此,晚清小说读者的构成成分已发生明显变化,队伍不断壮大。而这些读者群的知识结构也已经不同程度地受到了当时传入的西学影响。     

中国现代小说的雅俗论争及其文学史意义

雅俗论争,是中国现代小说史的中心话题之一。在中国现代历史特定时期的文化氛围及文学思潮影响下,小说"雅"与"俗"的内涵在论争中动态变化,或二元对立,或相互兼容,造成雅俗小说的交替崛起,成为现代小说品格衍生成长的重要动力,导引着中国现代小说的形态演变、发展,逐步走向大众化的境界。     

自我卫护:习惯法视野下非常时期的城市社区管控规范--以2020年初防控新冠肺炎疫情为对象

在2020年初我国防控新冠肺炎疫情的非常时期,许多城市社区为自我卫护根据《传染病防治法》等法律法规和基于自治组织性质制订并执行了有关疫情管控的自治规范。非常时期城市社区管控规范的制订主体主要为作为基层群众性自治组织的居民委员会,也包括社区党组织、业主委员会、物业公司等组织。非常时期城市社区管控规范的具体内容主要包括与疫情防控相关的通行管控规范、人员管控规范、车辆管控规范、防控措施管控规范等。非常时期城市社区管控规范的实际运行包括管控规范的宣传、管控规范的执行、管控规范实施的监督等方面。城市社区管控规范为非常时期应对新冠肺炎疫情而制订的具有特定目的的非国家法范畴习惯法性质的临时性自治规范,应当遵循法治原则、民主原则、合理性原则。以此非常时期城市社区管控规范的思考为契机,推进城市社区的多元治理,进一步提升城市社区的自治能力和治理水平。     

殷熙耕与曹文轩成长小说比较研究——以叙述策略为中心

本文旨在研究使用叙述策略解释韩国作家殷熙耕和中国作家曹文轩的成长小说。成长小说是讲述任务成长过程的小说,是描写主人公在其所处时代的文化和人文环境中从幼年期迈向青年期的自我发现和精神方面不断成长的过程的小说类型。两位作者的成长小说的区别如下：首先,曹文轩是以当时的社会和政治背景下以事件为主进行叙述的,而殷熙耕更重视以成长主体的心理变化和发展过程为基础进行的叙述。曹文轩具有以讲述为主的现实主义倾向,而殷熙耕具有以展示为主的现代主义倾向。其次,叙述者的位相是构成成长小说叙述策略的重要部分。掌握成长全过程的叙述者的视线会在运用“叙述性过去”的过程中,在小说文本和读者之间的相互作用方面占据绝对位置。再次,《辞格》中所说的“距离”适用于成长小说中的“叙述者一主人公”之间。以心理描写为主进行叙述的殷熙耕成长小说的“距离”较近,借用客观叙述策略的曹文轩小说的“距离”较远。     

郁达夫的“自我小说”与日本“私小说”之比较

郁达夫的文学创作深受日本“私小说”的影响 ,这已是不争的事实。郁达夫的小说创作可以概括为“自我小说” ,它和日本的“私小说”有着十分明显的相似之处 ,但由于中日两国国情、文化心理和文学传统的不同 ,郁达夫的“自我小说”和日本的“私小说”这两种文学现象在内容上又有着本质的不同     

《庄子》寓言三种与中国古代小说

<庄子>借助形象、故事表述哲理,在文学范畴中属于寓言创作.<庄子>寓言可分为托言型、象征型、故事型三种.其中托言型、故事型寓言,或虚拟人物对话,或杜撰故事情节,已经具有一定的小说因素.<庄子>寓言直接影响了魏晋仙话小说的创作,<神仙传>可见一斑.     

NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center standard reference libraries and software tools: Application to seized drug analysis

The standard reference libraries and associated custom software provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Mass Spectrometry Data Center (NIST MSDC) are described with a focus on assisting the seized drug analyst with the identification of fentanyl-related substances (FRS). These tools are particularly useful when encountering novel substances when no certified sample is available. The MSDC provides three standard reference mass spectral libraries, as well as six software packages for mass spectral analysis, reference library searching, data interpretation, and measurement uncertainty estimation. Each of these libraries and software packages are described with references to the original publications provided. Examples of fentanyl identification by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and by direct analysis in real-time (DART) mass spectrometry are given. A link to online tutorials is provided.     

Identifying reliable ions for the statistical differentiation of structurally similar fentanyl analogs

Definitive identification of fentanyl analogs based on mass spectral comparison is challenging given the high degree of structural and, hence, spectral similarity. To address this, a statistical method was previously developed in which two electron-ionization (EI) mass spectra are compared using the unequal variance t-test. Normalized intensities of corresponding ions are compared, testing the null hypothesis (H₀) that the difference in intensity is equal to zero. If H₀ is accepted at all m/z values, the two spectra are statistically equivalent at the specified confidence level. If H₀ is not accepted at any m/z value, then there is a significant difference in intensity at that m/z value between the two spectra. In this work, the statistical comparison method is applied to distinguish EI spectra of valeryl fentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, and pivaloyl fentanyl. Spectra of the three analogs were collected over a 9-month period and at different concentrations. At the 99.9% confidence level, the spectra of corresponding isomers were statistically associated. Spectra of different isomers were statistically distinct, and ions responsible for discrimination were identified in each comparison. To account for inherent instrument variations, discriminating ions for each pairwise comparison were ranked based on the magnitude of the calculated t-statistic (t_calc) value. For a given comparison, ions with higher t_calc values are those with the greatest difference in intensity between the two spectra and, therefore, are considered more reliable for discrimination. Using these methods, objective discrimination among the spectra was achieved and ions considered most reliable for discrimination of these isomers were identified.