Heroin Overdose Deaths and Heroin Purity Between 1990 and 2000 in Istanbul,Turkey*

Abstract: Turkey has continuously experienced problems with abuse of, and addiction to, opium derivatives. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between heroin overdose deaths and the characteristics of seized opium derivatives. Data were gathered from the Council of Forensic Medicine of the Ministry of Justice in Istanbul from 1990 to 2000. There were 636 heroin‐related deaths during this period, 595 of which were classified as heroin overdose deaths. Mean crude and weighted heroin purities remained relatively constant and were calculated to be 46% (57–34%) and 51% (39–59%), respectively. The weight of heroin and the number of heroin seizures, but not the heroin purity, were significantly associated with the number of heroin‐related deaths. Prevention strategies are needed to reduce the number of deaths caused by overdoses in countries situated on drug trafficking routes. These strategies should focus on drug trafficking, by providing increased levels of, and support for, law enforcement, stopping the supply of precursor chemicals, and combating corruption among border officials.     

高校大学生网瘾的形成原因及戒除对策

急剧变动的社会环境、家庭不良的教育方式、学校特有的管理体制,是高校大学生网络成瘾的外在条件,个人的人格特质、心理特点和认知模式则是大学生网络成瘾的内在原因。加强思想政治教育,改进教育管理制度,完善心理援助机制,丰富人文关怀内涵,预防和解除高校大学生网络成瘾,促进学生人格发展和身心和谐。     

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Subsequent Substance Abuse in a Sample of Sexual Offenders: Implications for Treatment and Prevention

The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of substance abuse indicators in a sample of male sexual offenders (N = 679) and to examine the influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) on the likelihood of substance abuse outcomes. Half of these sex offenders reported a history of drug or alcohol abuse, and nearly one in five reported a substance-related arrest. Higher ACE scores were associated with endorsement of a greater number of substance-abuse-related problems, suggesting that accumulation of early trauma may increase the likelihood for substance misuse. By enhancing our understanding of the frequency and antecedents of dynamic risk factors such as substance abuse, we can better devise clinical interventions that respond to the comprehensive needs of sexually abusive individuals and reduce risk for sexual reoffense. As well, early interventions for at-risk families and maltreated youth may interrupt their trajectory toward adulthood substance abuse and criminal behavior, including sex offending.     

140例海洛因毒品案鉴定结果分析

１４０例海洛因毒品案鉴定结果分析张润生（上海市刑事科学技术研究所;上海２０００８３）ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦ１４０ＣＡＳＥＳＯＦＨＥＲＯＩＮ￥ＺｈａｎｇＲｕｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｎｓｉｃＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ;Ｓｈａｎｇｈ...     

The influence of site of collection on postmortem morphine concentrations in heroin overdose victims

When assaying for postmortem morphine concentration, significant site sampling variability exists between central and peripheral sampling sites and even within sampling regions of the body. To study the variation, 76 suspected heroin overdoses were identified. Each had femoral artery (FA) and vein (FV), left and right ventricle and pooled heart blood samples obtained at autopsy. Forty-four tested positive for morphine. Morphine concentrations were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, with sampling site differences reported as log-transformed ratios and compared by signed rank test.The mean FA to FV ratio for total morphine was 1.2 (range 0-4.5). The ratio for left heart to right heart total morphine was 1.1 (range 0.4-3.2). Left ventricular to FV total morphine ratio was 2.0 (range 0.6-6.9). In these opioid overdose deaths, FA and FV morphine concentrations are usually similar, although up to 4.5-fold differences were noted. Centrally obtained morphine concentrations are on average twice as high compared with peripheral morphine concentrations. Left and right ventricular morphine concentrations were usually similar, although up to 3.2-fold differences were noted (left side higher).     

Chemical profiling of heroin recovered from the North Korean merchant vessel Pong Su

Heroin samples, seized from the North Korean merchant vessel Pong Su in Australian waters, were analyzed to determine geographic origin. Duplicate samples were analyzed by the National Measurement Institute's Australian Forensic Drug Laboratory and the United States Drug Enforcement Administration's Special Testing and Research Laboratory. Alkaloid ratios were determined by both liquid chromatography-diode array detection (LC-DAD) and capillary electrophoresis-diode array detection (CE-DAD) techniques. Acid/neutral manufacturing by-products were determined by solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solvents, trapped in the heroin particles during manufacture, were detected by both static headspace GC-MS and purge and trap GC-MS. The alkaloid ratios obtained were consistent with heroin of a Southeast Asian (SEA) origin and principal component analysis of the alkaloid results demonstrated the presence of at least four subgroupings within the seizure. The solvent analysis detected diethyl ether and ethyl acetate, solvents typically seen in SEA heroin. However, the acid/neutral analysis revealed compounds not normally seen in heroin of a SEA origin. Furthermore, sterol-like molecules, always detected in the acid/neutral analysis of SEA heroin, were absent from the Pong Su samples. The Pong Su heroin, although similar to SEA heroin, has sufficient differences to classify it as having an unknown origin at the time of this writing.     

酒精成瘾与犯罪

对酒精成瘾与犯罪的关系,学说上有3种不同的观点:①饮用酒类直接构成犯罪;②酒精中毒间接引起严重犯罪行为;③共同致病模式。在关系模型的基础上综述了酒精成瘾犯罪的特征以及罪犯的人格特征和行为特征,其生物基础、责任能力的评定以及对犯罪的预防。     

精神障碍吸毒者刑事责任能力研究

随着毒品在我国的蔓延,吸毒的人数渐渐增多,精神障碍的吸毒者犯罪也开始引起相关部门的注意,对这一特殊犯罪人群能否比照精神病人来处理意见不统一。笔者介绍了其他诸国的相关法律规定,结合本国国情和相类似的法律规定,阐明了对精神障碍的吸毒者犯罪一般作完全刑事责任能力评定为最优的观点。     

大学生网络成瘾现象调查、干预与分析——以湖南警察学院网瘾学生研究为例

通过发放网络成瘾诊断问卷等相关问卷对湖南警察学院大一新生进行抽样调查,结果发现,湖南警察学院新生的网络成瘾总检出率为10%,其中男性高于女性,非公安专业高于公安专业。在具体的心理特点上,网瘾学生更容易产生焦虑、抑郁等情绪障碍,有更高的自尊水平。对网络成瘾学生进行为期三个月的团体辅导和干预研究后发现,学生网络成瘾程度有所下降,同时强迫性上网症状、时间管理问题等问题有所改善,研究结果为学校教育提供了一定可资参考的建议。