Maintaining disorder: the micropolitics of drugs policy in Iran

Abstract

This article analyses the ways in which the state ‘treats’ addiction among precarious drug (ab)users in Iran. While most Muslim-majority as well as some Western states have been reluctant to adopt harm reduction measures, the Islamic Republic of Iran has done so on a nationwide scale and through a sophisticated system of welfare intervention. Additionally, it has introduced devices of management of ‘addiction’ (the ‘camps’) that defy statist modes of punishment and private violence. What legal and ethical framework has this new situation engendered? And what does this new situation tell us about the governmentality of the state? Through a combination of historical analysis and ethnographic fieldwork, the article analyses the paradigm of government of the Iranian state with regard to disorder as embodied by the lives of poor drug (ab)users.     

Is There a Relationship Between Street Heroin Purity and Drug‐Related Emergencies and/or Drug‐Related Deaths? An Analysis from Vienna,Austria*

This study examines the quality of street heroin seized in Vienna in 1999 and whether there was a relationship between the purity of street heroin and the number of heroin-related emergencies as well as the number of heroin-related deaths. Street heroin confiscated by the Viennese police, run-sheets of drug-related emergencies, and postmortem reports of drug-related deaths in Vienna in 1999 were analyzed. A total of 415 retail samples with a total weight of 128.02 g contained a median percentage of 6.5% diacetylmorphine (range: 0.0-47.0%). All the samples contained a diluent, mainly lactose, as well as adulterants, such as caffeine and/or paracetamol. During the study period, 75 heroin-related deaths and 387 heroin-related emergencies were registered in Vienna. Time-series analysis revealed no statistically significant relationship between the rate of heroin-related incidents and the diacetylmorphine concentration of street heroin samples confiscated in Vienna in 1999. The widely held belief that the number of heroin-related deaths could be explained simply through fluctuations in the purity of street heroin could not be substantiated, even though the results of this study do not rule out an association between the purity of heroin and heroin-related deaths/emergencies.     

Preliminary investigations into tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium III as a chemiluminescent reagent for the detection of 3,6-diacetylmorphine (heroin) on surfaces

The use of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (III) as a chemiluminescent spray reagent spot-test for heroin is discussed. Two forms of the reagent are investigated an aqueous and an anhydrous where both were found to give vastly different results. The aqueous reagent giving slow, low intensity chemiluminescence whilst the anhydrous reagent gave a fast, bright response in the presence of 3,6-diacetylmorphine. The anhydrous reagent is less sensitive the slow, intensity response is characteristic of only two opiates tested 3,6-diacetylmorphine and 3-monoacetylmorphine.     

Bile analysis in heroin overdose

Abstract:  Following its metabolism in the liver, morphine and its metabolites can be directly eliminated in bile. Then, they undergo the enterohepatic cycle (EHC) and mostly reappear in the circulation. We report a case showing the presence of morphine in bile (21.3 μg/mL) and hair (4.8 ng/mg) but not in blood, urine or the liver of an addict who survived in hospital for about 144 h (6 days). These data would indicate that the EHC does not play any role about 144 h after the last injection, and directly confirms that gall bladder is a storage depot for morphine. They constitute the first report of a demonstration of the effect of the EHC on morphine bioavailability in an addict, and could be considered as indication, without supporting circumstantial evidence, that the morphine level in bile is related to chronic opiate use.     

从网络成瘾少年的被强制戒除看家庭保障应当承担的社会责任

从近期有关于中国知名戒网瘾专家杨永信用强行禁闭、电休克等非人道的手段进行治疗网瘾患者的事件为引,从家庭保障的角度出发,重点探讨家庭在青少年网络成瘾的问题中应该承担的责任。     

脑源性神经营养因子前体蛋白研究进展

脑源性神经营养因子前体蛋白（pro-BDNF）是成熟型脑源性神经营养因子（mBDNF）的前体形式。最新研究表明，pro-BDNF不仅作为mBDNF的前体形式存在，还可由神经细胞分泌到胞外，发挥与mBDNF不同的生物学效应。本文综述了pro-BDNF蛋白的分子结构、在中枢神经系统的分布、受体、生理效应、分泌与调节以及pro-BDNF与长时程抑制、突触可塑性、记忆形成及毒品成瘾的相关性等方面的研究进展。     

海洛因对大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4的影响

目的检测不同时程海洛因依赖大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质discs大同源物4(discs large homolog 4,DLG4)的蛋白表达,探讨海洛因依赖对突触后致密结构的影响。方法采用腹腔内递增注射海洛因的方法,建立海洛因依赖的大鼠模型,用免疫组织化学法检测海洛因依赖9、18和36 d大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4蛋白的表达,并与对照组进行比较。结果随海洛因依赖时间的延长,海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4蛋白的表达逐渐降低。结论海洛因依赖可影响海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质突触后致密结构,并随依赖时间的延长,影响更加明显。     

FTIR法检验海洛因中的淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖

目的建立检验掺有淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖的海洛因的新方法。方法红外光谱。结果给出了用FTIR检验掺有淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖的海洛因的判据。结论用红外光谱法可以准确、无损鉴定掺杂淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖的海洛因。     

浙江省女性吸毒问题的调查

我国女性吸毒人数在过去几年持续上升,由于女性与男性在生理和心理等方面的差异,以及高比例的吸毒女性卖淫已成为艾滋病传播的重要途径,女性吸毒现象开始受到关注.为此应加强女性世界观、人生现、道德观教育,提高其自尊、自爱意识,提高女性素质,增强自主、自强的能力,提高女性对毒品问题严重危害性的认识,并为吸毒女性提供必要的社会关爱和救助,进一步落实社会帮教措施.     

青少年网络成瘾的心理诱因及应对策略

青少年是一个自我防护意识和自我控制能力都相对薄弱的群体，青少年的网络成瘾行为是受其特有的心理特点影响的。他们容易被色情信息、暴力游戏等不良网络内容所吸引，过分沉迷网络，形成网瘾，不仅影响了自身正常的学习、生活、人际交往，而且给社会带来巨大危害。应充分认识青少年网络成瘾的心理诱因，采取有效措施，预防和矫正青少年网络成瘾行为。