我国开征碳税的制度经济学视角分析

碳税被国际社会公认为是削减二氧化碳排放的有效的经济手段之一,目前我国正在尝试开征碳税,本文从制度经济学视角来分析碳税及其开征的必要性,尝试提出开征碳税的正式规则和非正式规则两种制度设计。     

Juristischer Diskurs und Rechtsökonomie

Dieser Beitrag soll zeigen, dass die Rechtswissenschaft ihren Gegenstand sinnvoll erweitern kann bzw eine bereits vollzogene Erweiterung anerkennen sollte. Die Rechtsökonomie bietet einerseits ein analytisches Instrumentarium für rechtspolitische Erwägungen, andererseits lässt sich mit ihrer Hilfe untersuchen, ob eine Auslegung überhaupt geeignet ist, einen bestimmten Zweck zu erreichen. Dabei wird in Erinnerung gerufen, dass eine Unterscheidung zwischen Rechtspolitik und Rechtsdogmatik nicht eindeutig möglich ist. Die rechtsökonomische Methode erzwingt die Offenlegung solcher "nicht-juristischer" Entscheidungsgründe und fördert damit Transparenz in der Diskussion. Durch eine länderübergreifende Sprache kann sie auch einen Beitrag dazu leisten, Missverständnisse zwischen verschiedenen europäischen Rechtsordnungen zu entschärfen, die auf national geprägten Vorverständnissen beruhen und eine Harmonisierung erheblich erschweren.     

Make or buy on the Russian railway? Coase,Williamson, and Tsar Nicholas II

There is a growing consensus among economists that the most procompetitive strategy for restructuring public utility enterprises includes complete vertical separation of the network or grid portion of a sector from other parts of the sector where competition is to be created. Although exceptions to this rule are readily granted, it is generally considered that any alternative strategy may pay a high cost in terms of discriminatory access to the grid by non-integrated entrants into the new competitive sector. This consensus is somewhat surprising in light of the simultaneous growth of transactions cost economics, with its emphasis on the benefits of close vertical relationships—including vertical integration—in the face of complexity, unforeseeable contingencies, and problems with contract law enforcement. These issues are considered in the context of a Russian railways restructuring plan which may, or may not, involve complete vertical separation.

论医疗责任保险——从法律经济学的角度切入

医疗责任保险是从国外引入的一种制度,目的之初在于,将医师的过错责任诱发的巨大风险社会化,以期医师安心于治理病患,而病患通过保险获得相应的保险费用保障自身的权益,缓和较为尖锐的医患关系和社会矛盾。但医疗责任保险发展的现实情况却是极其不理想的,学界对于医疗责任改革已有基本共识,具体设计上却甚少有人提出更为细致的建议。可以从法律经济学这个分析的全新视角,借助成本效益、纳什均衡、博弈的思维进路,以期为医疗责任保险制度的设计另辟蹊径。     

著作权与商标冲突判例检讨

目前,我国司法和执法机关在处理＂在先著作权与在后商标纠纷＂时,采取的是＂保护在先著作权的原则＂。这种司法实践仅仅维护了当下的个别正义,而没有着眼于未来长远的整体效用,不符合法律经济学的财富极大化原则。取而代之应该是＂向前看＂的纠纷解决机制,即事后许可,从而实现利益极大化。     

Should Business and Non-Business Accounting be Different? A Comparative Perspective Applied to the French Central Government Accounting Standards

The French General Law of Finances of 2001 introduced a set of accounting standards including an explicit conceptual framework reconciling accrual basis accounting with the specific aspects of accounting for central government activities. This article analyzes this French set of accounting standards from a dualistic perspective that compares both business and non-business accounting. Three different views of accounting for business enterprises are addressed: the wealth-basis (static), the cash-basis, and the accrual-basis (dynamic). A dynamic view of the accrual basis is adapted to the specificities of non-business entities, including governments. The accounting representation is used here to explore further the nature and role of public sector activities within the economic system and their economic and monetary significance.     

政府购买居家养老服务:模式分析与战略设计——基于比较研究的视角

政府购买居家养老服务不仅是我国应对"银色化浪潮"的重要战略选择,也是完善养老制度的重要组成部分。我国老龄化日益严重,具有"未富先老"的特点。在比较分析相关研究的基础上,总结我国政府购买居家养老服务的迫切性,概括国外政府购买居家养老服务的实践,并从我国现有的法律和文件、购买模式及面临的问题归纳现阶段政府购买居家养老服务的现状。为政府购买居家养老服务提出对策建议,以期新养老方式不断得以完善与推广,更好地满足老龄化社会的需求。     

Comment on Dennis P. Culhane et al.’s “public shelter admission rates in Philadelphia and New York City: The implications of turnover for sheltered population counts”

The article here extended reflects on the excessively narrow debate over the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)' cost-benefit transfer balance which had been raging for a quarter-century before the 2007–2009 financial crisis. That crisis has cast a new light on the actual costs of GSE operations and exposed the unsustainability of some of their benefits for homeownership. After injecting afew new findings into the traditional debate, this comment adds some of what has transpired in recent years and what may be inferred from it so far. Doing so brings additional analysis to bear on the article's conclusion that “the GSEs might not be justified” and “Maybe it is time for them to exit” although most politicians in the past have been disinclined to show them the door.     

Comment on James H. Carr and Michelle Mulcahy's “Twenty years of housing policy: what's new,what's changed,what's ahead?”

Housing policy in the post Great Recession (GR) era faces tremendous uncertainties, but clearly there will be more sensitivity around risk, quality, and transparency in capital markets. The post-GR domestic policy environment and economy are likely to impose several overarching constraints, including less access to world capital markets for financing housing, more restrictive assessments of risk, and increasing restraints on federal domestic spending particularly for non-entitlement programs. Carr and Mulcahy provide a substantial agenda of liberal-progressive policies that focus on the predatory and risky practices of loan originators and promote expansion of home ownership for low-income households. If we are indeed on the brink of an era of austerity, the housing policy debate will need to focus on priorities for contraction rather than expansion in housing programs, and on tenure-neutral policies rather than promoting home ownership.     

我国生产者责任延伸制度实施困境分析——从家电以旧换新政策实施谈起

生产者责任延伸是解决废弃产品问题的一项新兴的环境策略,在我国已初步构建并开始实施。为拉动经济增长,促进废旧电器电子产品的循环利用,我国实施了家电以旧换新政策。但该政策实施后遇到的一些问题,如回收企业技术落后不能满足回收的大量废弃电器电子产品的无害化资源化处置、生产者组织和废弃产品处理基金制度没有有效建立、政府行政干预机制和经济激励机制的缺位、法律规定的空白等阻碍着生产者责任延伸制度的实施。