谈人民警察心理压力的个体调适

人民警察,由于职业的特殊性,作为高风险、高负荷、高强度的＂三高＂群体,在所有应激职业中,心理压力高居首位,其心理压力指数高于常人很多倍。心理学家认为,当过大的心理压力不能得到及时有效的调节和缓解时,不仅会对人民警察的身心健康造成危害,还会影响工作效率,甚至导致自杀或激情犯罪。因此,关注人民警察心理压力问题,重视缓解人民警察的心理压力,寻求有效的心理压力的调适方法,对于进一步提高人民警察的综合素质,增强警察队伍的凝聚力、战斗力,具有极其重要的意义。     

体力劳动与体育运动之辩析

主要运用文献法、逻辑分析等方法,分别从劳动与体育的概念区别;体育运动与体力劳动的联系;体力劳动与体育运动的特征差异三个方面对体力劳动与体育运动关系进行分析讨论。分析结果为:体力劳动与体育运动的目的不同;体力劳动、体育运动与自然改造的关系不同;体力劳动、体育运动的可控性及与健康的关系不同;体力劳动、体育运动的肢体运动及动作结构不同,所以体力劳动不可简单认为是否为体育运动。     

冲突与选择:多数者权利和少数者权利

权利冲突问题一直以来都是法学研究的一个热点,同时也是一个难点,而多数人权利与少数人权利的冲突问题,则可以说是难点中的难点。因为处理不好,它有可能导致民主制度的颠覆或多数人的暴政等问题;另一方面,我们的法治实践中确实又已经出现了相关问题。该如何面对?思考的结果,应坚持冲突的必然性原则,并优先保护高位阶的权利,这也是我们的法治实践所可能采取的一种解决方案。     

公民概念之演变

探寻公民概念在历史长河中的演变轨迹、分析普遍意义的公民概念 ,对于我们当今领略宪法意义上的公民之精神极为必要。从古希腊与城邦一体的公民、古罗马时期公民的政治身份与民事身份的剥离、中世纪臣民意识的泛滥、市民阶层的悄然兴起 ,到近代资产阶级革命时期公民概念的个人理念凸现以及现代国家之公民概念外延法定、内涵趋于泛化的发展历程表明公民概念始终以政治权利为核心。     

论个人所得税扣缴义务人的还付责任

为确保税收收入的取得 ,国家在征收个人所得税时注重运用他人责任的理论 ,即通过扩大纳税义务承担主体的范围以有效抑制偷税行为的发生 ,因此 ,在纳税人以外衍生出扣缴义务人这一主体。为了防止国家滥用征税权 ,纳税人权利保障的问题日益受到关注。从构建扣缴义务人的还付责任入手 ,不失为保障个人所得税纳税人权利的另一视角。扣缴义务人与纳税人虽同为承担个人所得税纳税义务的主体 ,二者的法律地位毕竟不同 ,二者关系如何界定 ,立法上未有明确的说法 ,理论上的研究亦罕见 ,亟待加强。     

经济法的利益观

受到以主客观分离与对立为出发点的二元思维模式的影响 ,在社会结构方面形成了市民社会与政治国家分立的二元理论 ,在法学领域中也形成了以规制政治国家权力为主的公法部门和以调整市民社会关系为主的私法部门的二元划分。随着社会的发展 ,传统的关于市民社会与政治国家截然分开的理论受到挑战 ,政治国家与市民社会日渐融合 ,经济法的出现是这种趋势在法律上的体现之一。经济法作为贯穿于政治国家与市民社会领域的一个新兴的法律部门 ,其利益观体现出一定的综合性 ,融合了运行于市民社会中的私法与运行于政治国家中的公法的双重特征。经济法虽然以社会利益作为其首要的保护目标 ,但其对社会利益保护的实质是以个人利益为核心的个人利益、国家利益、社会利益之间协调的结果。     

The Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Exposure to Violence on Self-Report of Antisocial Behavior Among Girls in the Juvenile Justice System

The current study extended previous research with adults and boys to girls in the juvenile justice system (N = 122; M = 16.7; SD = 1.3). Using a longitudinal research design, neighborhood disadvantage and exposure to violence (i.e., physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by peers, and witnessing violence) were assessed during incarceration. These risk factors were used to predict violent and delinquent behavior post-release. Furthermore, race specific pathways were examined to determine if the impact of these risk factors varied among Black (n = 69) and White girls (n = 53). Results indicated that Black girls were more likely than White girls to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods, but both reported similar levels of exposure to violence and self-report of antisocial behavior. Physical abuse by parents, time at risk, and age were related to violent behavior, while witnessing violence and time at risk were related to delinquent behavior. Multiple group analyses indicated the existence of race specific pathways. Specifically, physical abuse by parents was related to violent behavior for White girls while witnessing violence was related to violent and delinquent behaviors for Black girls. Results suggest that contextual processes play an important role in predicting antisocial behavior for Black girls.

Family Transitions and Later Delinquency and Drug Use

Changes in the family structure can be very disruptive to adolescents who live in those families. This article examines the impact of the number of family transitions on delinquent and drug-using behavior. Specifically, the effect of family transitions is hypothesized to be mediated by problems within the family, school, and peer settings. A sample of 646 boys (73%) and girls (27%) taken from a longitudinal panel study of high-risk adolescents are used to examine these hypotheses. For girls, little support is found for the direct or the indirect effect of family transitions on delinquent behavior or drug use. For boys, however, both forms of problem behavior are influenced by family transitions directly and indirectly through changes in, and problems with, peer associations. The findings suggest that during times of family turmoil, the friendship network of adolescent male children is also disrupted, leading to an increase in associations with delinquent others and, in turn, an increase in problematic behaviors.

It Takes a Village: Protecting Rural African American Youth in the Context of Racism

Prior research demonstrates negative consequences of racism, however, little is known about community, parenting, and intrapersonal mechanisms that protect youth. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study illuminated linkages between positive and negative contextual influences on rural African American adolescent outcomes. Quantitative results provide support for Structural Ecosystems Theory, in that the influence of discrimination and collective socialization on adolescent outcomes was mediated by racial socialization and positive parenting. Parenting and community influences contributed to adolescent racial identity and self image, which protected against common negative responses to racism; including academic underachievement, succumbing to peer pressure, and aggressive tendencies. Qualitative results indicate that current measures of discrimination may underestimate adolescents’ experiences. Adolescents reported racist experiences in the domains of school, peers, and with the police (males only). Moreover, qualitative findings echoed and expanded quantitative results with respect to the importance of the protective nature of parents and communities.

A Person-centered Approach to Studying the Linkages among Parent–Child Differences in Cultural Orientation,Supportive Parenting,and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms in Chinese American Families

This longitudinal study examined whether supportive parenting mediates relations between parent–child differences in cultural orientation (generational dissonance) and depressive symptoms with a sample of 451 first and second generation Chinese American parents and adolescents (12–15 years old at time 1). Using a person-centered approach, meaningful typologies of cultural orientation were derived for fathers, mothers, and adolescents. Overall, results provided support, though qualified, for the notion that generational dissonance is linked to depressive symptoms through decreased supportive parenting. In general, having a parent with a bicultural profile seemed to be most advantageous if adolescents similarly had a bicultural profile, whereas more American oriented adolescents with more Chinese oriented parents reported the least supportive parenting and most depressive symptoms. Directions for future research and the benefits of using a person-centered approach in research of acculturation and generational dissonance are discussed.