Gender Differences in Strain,Negative Emotions,and Coping Behaviors: A General Strain Theory Approach

This paper empirically evaluates Broidy and Agnew’s propositions, in which they apply general strain theory to explain gender differences in crime and deviance, by analyzing data from a national survey of adult African Americans. First, African American women were more likely to report strains related to physical health, interpersonal relations, gender roles in the family, and less likely to mention work‐related, racial as well as job strain than African American men. Second, African American women were less likely than African American men to turn to deviant coping strategies when they experienced strain partly because their strains were more likely to generate self‐directed emotions, such as depression and anxiety, which in turn were less likely to lead to deviant coping behaviors than other‐directed, angry emotion. Finally, it was found that the self‐directed emotions were more likely to result in nondeviant, legitimate coping behaviors than other‐directed emotion, anger.     

我国个体极端犯罪发生机理研究

近年来我国个体极端犯罪频繁发生,个体极端犯罪正成为中国社会所面临的现实威胁之一。社会转型期中的各种矛盾、压力是导致个人极端犯罪的外在因素,犯罪人的人格缺陷是个体极端犯罪产生的内在原因。个体极端犯罪的动机类型有:谋求经济利益;厌世自杀;报复特定对象;报复社会;激情型;制造个人影响,寻求刺激;复合型动机等。     

变革与转型:宋代“别籍异财”法的时代特色、成因及意义论析

宋代别籍异财法鲜活的时代特色为:由唐及宋初的妇女奁产不在兄弟财产析分之列,发展到北宋仁宗时的非因父祖财产及因官自置财产,不在论分之限;由唐及宋初的父母服阕后的合用析户,发展到北宋中前期的父母葬后即可辄析家产;由唐及宋初的父母主持不脱离户籍的生分,发展到南宋时期的父母在世,兄弟之间的完全别籍异财;由唐代对别籍异财者的严禁与刑罚,发展到宋代对别籍异财者的逐渐认同与宽容。宋代别籍异财法特色的生成不仅与家庭个体的财产权利意识高涨、已婚妇女的推动有关,更与家产争讼有关;其嬗变历程无疑为我们深刻认识宋代法律的近世化转型提供了一种崭新的视角,亦昭示了法律须随社会变动而变动的法律哲理。     

Forensic examination and application of areca nuts as material evidence

In this study, we aimed to explore the possibility of DNA analysis of areca nut as material evidence and the value of short tandem repeat (STR) typing of areca nut as material evidence under the condition of simulating external environment. In this study, water soaking, soil burial, sun exposure, and wet environment were used to treat areca nut residues. Chelex 100 was used to extract DNA, the PowerPlex21 kit to amplify, and the ABI PRISM^® 310 Genetic Analyzer to analyze the DNA of areca nut residues. DNA and STR typing were performed to analyze the residue after chewing. The results showed that the number of residual sites decreased with time under the conditions of water soaking, soil burial, sun exposure, and wet environment. Thus, areca nut can be used as forensic material evidence for DNA analysis and individual identification.     

Distribution of the minutiae in palmprints: Topological and sexual variability

Palmprints have been systematically less studied than fingerprints, despite being of great use in the identification process. In Spain, they were not included in Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) until 2009. Very few investigations performed within the field of palmprints have assessed the sexual and population variability of the number and distribution of minutiae on its surface, despite the fact that these particularities are the basis for personal identification in forensic science. That is why a study was conducted to assess total, bimanual, and sexual density per morphological regions (superior or distal, thenar, and hypothenar) and per counting areas of 1 cm² on 120 palmprints obtained from 30 male and 30 female individuals of Spanish nationality. Also, the frequency in the location of each type of delta or triradius (a, b, c, d, and t) per count area was calculated. Results have shown a topological variability in the distribution of the density of minutiae, which is similar between sexes and a specular effect between both hands. The most frequent locations of the deltas coincide with areas of high minutiae density. It has also been shown that there are sexual differences in the total number of minutiae, which cannot be due to sexual dimorphism in adult hand size, since minutiae are established at an early stage of fetal development and their number will not change during later postnatal growth. These differences can only be attributed to genetic factors related to sexual determination.     

Humans Are Animals,Too: Critical Commonalities and Differences Between Human and Wildlife Forensic Genetics

Wildlife forensics has recently been recognized among the wide variety of forensic science disciplines. This review compares human and wildlife DNA forensics, which use the same genetic tools, but often for far different purposes. Human forensic genetics almost invariably attempts to identify individual perpetrators involved in a given crime. Wildlife forensics often determines whether a crime has occurred. In addition to techniques familiar in human laboratories, like individual matching with STRs, wildlife analysts may be asked to determine the taxonomic identity, geographic source, or sex of evidence items, or the familial relationships or minimum number of individuals among a group of samples. This review highlights the common questions, legal framework, databases, and similar validation requirements to foster understanding between disciplines. Based on this understanding, human and wildlife DNA practitioners may work together and learn from each other in order to elevate the discipline of forensic genetics.     

Longer Term Impact of Bystander Training to Reduce Violence Acceptance and Sexism

ABSTRACT

Many bystander programs to prevent violence have been developed and evaluated in college populations. An exception is the randomized controlled trial of Green Dot, found effective in reducing violence rates and violence acceptance in 26 high-schools (2010–2014). In ‘Life’s Snapshot’, 10,727 seniors were recruited from these same schools with the goal of determining the longer-term efficacy of bystander training. Students in intervention schools could have up to three years of Green Dot exposure. Seniors from intervention versus control schools had significantly lower scores (p <.01) indicating less violence acceptance or sexism for two of five measures. Seniors’ self-reports of bystander training received confirmed these findings. These cross-sectional analyses suggest that some reductions in violence acceptance associated with bystander programming may be maintained into early adulthood.     

法医SNP复合检测体系的构建及应用

目的构建48-SNP位点复合检测体系,用于个体识别、性别鉴定、ABO基因分型。方法采集225份无关个体样本(血斑及口腔拭子),18份案例样本(不同组织及体液斑),选择43个常染色体位点、4个ABO基因位点和1个性别鉴定位点,根据单碱基延伸技术通过GenomeLabTMSNPstream基因分型系统进行SNP分型;并检测体系灵敏度、同一个体不同组织同一性及模拟腐败检材。结果 48-SNP体系分型结果与测序结果的一致性为100%,最小DNA检出量为0.25ng,不同组织来源样本检测同一性很好;利用该体系检测225名无关汉族个体,所有位点均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,整个系统的随机匹配概率为9.4×10-18,累积非父排除率(CEP)为0.999 788,累积个体识别率大于0.999 999 999 999 999 99。结论本文48-SNP体系能同时进行个体识别、ABO基因分型和性别鉴定,可以作为现有STR检验体系的补充。     

The entrepreneurial puzzle: explaining the gender gap

We document the substantial gender gap that exists among university scientists with regard to entrepreneurial activity using a variety of measures and explore factors leading to the disparity. We focus particularly on the biomedical sciences. The contextual explanation that women are under-represented in the types of positions from which faculty typically launch entrepreneurial activity is the most obvious. But the data suggest that for the biomedical sciences context is not sufficient in explaining the entrepreneurial gap. We look elsewhere to factors affecting supply and factors affecting demand. The former include gender differences in attitudes towards risk, competition, “selling” of “science,” type of research and geographic location. The latter include the role of networks, preferences of venture capitalists and “gender discounting.” We explore the associated hypotheses. We provide few tests and conclude that the research agenda is wide open and interesting.

个人破产立法的英国经验与启示

个人破产制度与企业破产制度相辅相成,共同服务于市场经济体制改革和营商环境优化建设。英国在四百多年的立法演进中逐步确立了包含集体清偿、按比例分配、破产免责等基本要素的现代个人破产制度,强调在债务人、债权人和社会利益之间寻找平衡,确立自动免责机制为诚实而不幸的债务人提供重新开始的机会,并在政府部门与司法机关间进行个人破产管理的合理分工,注重培育既能充分竞争又受到严格监管的破产服务市场。我国应当尽快启动个人破产立法进程,在立法理念与立法模式、破产免责与打击逃废债务、破产管理体制与行业监管等方面学习域外先进经验,建立起科学合理的个人破产制度。