男性青少年左右侧骨骺愈合推断年龄的差异

目的比较左右侧骨骺愈合差异对推断年龄的影响。方法观察130名男性青少年全身六大关节及骨盆X线片上27个骨骺愈合指标,比较左右侧骨骺愈合程度有差异的部位及级别;左右两侧分别用多元回归方程推算年龄,做比较分析。结果76例左右侧推算年龄一致,47例左、右侧差值小于0.5岁,7例差值在0.50～1.0岁之间,94.6%左右侧推算年龄误差在0.5岁内。左右骨骺愈合差异多见于肱骨近端、桡骨远端、尺骨远端、髂嵴。结论左右愈合度的细微差异对年龄推断无统计学意义。左右骨骺愈合差别不存在一侧的偏向性。     

论犯罪心理学理论与实践的结合

犯罪人在实施犯罪行为前就已经存在的犯罪心理,如动机、需要、意志,以及实施犯罪行为时的心理状态,都会由于“个性”具有的独特性和稳定性,使其在实施犯罪过程中在无意识状态下表现出来,并因其个性的不同,在目的、犯罪类型、侵害目标的选择上都表现出差异性,这就为我们通过犯罪现场的态势和获取的证据材料分析犯罪心理并确定犯罪嫌疑人提供了理论依据,使我们识别犯罪人成为一种可能。     

The Gender Gap among Teen Survey Respondents: Why are Boys more Likely to Report a Gun in the Home than Girls?

It is a reliable though unexplained feature of national surveys that include items on gun ownership that wives are less likely to report a gun in the home than husbands. In this article we extend the inquiry regarding this gender gap in reporting of household guns to include adolescent children (age 12–17 years). The California Health Interview Survey of 2001, the largest-ever state survey of its kind, includes over 4000 marital households in which both a parent and adolescent child were interviewed and asked whether there was a gun in the home. There is little “age gap” in reporting—California teens are almost as likely to say that there is a gun as are their parents—but there is a gender gap among both the teens and their parents. We also find a large gap in personal experience with guns—boys are three times as likely to report hunting or shooting with a family member than girls. This difference in experience fully accounts for the gender gap in reporting. The relevance of these findings for the interpretation of survey data is clear. Whether there is a gun reported in a home depends to a remarkable extent on which member of the household is asked the question. Hence, the method of selection of respondent(s) from within a household will affect estimates of the patterns and prevalence of gun ownership, and, potentially, the accuracy of case–control studies that use self-report information about guns in the home.

The Effect of Gender in the Perception of Elder Physical Abuse in Court

Two experiments investigated mock jurors' perceptions of elder abuse (EA) in a physical assault case. In Experiment 1, participants read a fictional criminal trial summary of a physical assault case in which the alleged victim was 66, 76, or 86 years old. In Experiment 2, the age of the alleged victim was 76 years old, but the gender of the alleged victim and the gender of the defendant were crossed. The results of the experiments showed that women believed the alleged victim more and rendered a guilty verdict more often than men. Overall, the alleged victim was believed more than the defendant regardless of the age of the alleged victim, and most verdicts were guilty. These results are discussed in terms of the factors that affect perceptions of alleged victims of EA in court.     

Gender Differential Influences of Early Adolescent Risk Factors for the Development of Depressive Affect

Based on a model by Cyranowski, J., et al. (2000), Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57: 21–27, adolescents at-risk for the development of depressive symptoms were identified. Adolescents were considered at-risk if they had 2 or more of the following early adolescent risk factors: (1) insecure parental attachment, (2) anxious/inhibited temperament, (3) low instrumental coping skills, and (4) early pubertal maturation. Nonrisk adolescents had zero or just one risk factor. Using data from a 10-year longitudinal study on the development of adolescents’ health, with 5 points of data assessment (i.e., 6th, 7th, 8th, 12th, and 12 + 4 follow-up), the impact of the four early adolescent risk factors on the development of emotional tone was investigated. Emotional tone was measured by the Emotional Tone Scale of the SIQYA (Petersen, A. C., et al. (1984), J. Youth Adolesc. 13: 93–111), an indicator for positive emotional tone and low depressed affect. Growth curve modeling was applied to reveal significant gender differences in level and slope for the development of emotional tone over the adolescent years. Latent Growth Curve Models can be seen as a combination consisting of repeated measures analysis of variance and autoregressive analyses to evaluate the latent change of the variables under investigation (Rovine, M. J., and Molenaar, P. C. M. (2000), Multivar. Behav. Res. 35(1): 51–88). At-risk girls revealed poorer levels of emotional tone which stayed almost at the same low level up to young adulthood (i.e., 12 + 4), indicating a long lasting impact of the specified risk factors. In contrast, at-risk boys showed poorer emotional tone in early adolescence, but at the end of adolescence boys at-risk had the same level of emotional tone as nonrisk boys. At-risk girls showed significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms at grade 12 and at 12 + 4.Assistant Professor at the Department of Psychology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. He received his master’s degree from the Technical University Berlin in 1989 and his PhD from the Pennsylvania State University in 1993. His research interests encompass developmental psychology and methodology.Senior Vice President for Programs at the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, Battle Creek, Michigan. She received her PhD from the University of Chicago.     

“善良的“还是“无害的“——诺齐克政治哲学中的道德约束

在古代社会,“善良的“是国家对个人的要求.洛克在反对中世纪教会专制和绝对君主论的基础上提出:自由人在契约的基础上建立或废黜政府是合理的,因此,国家对个人的要求是受到大多数人对国家的要求限制的.诺齐克在洛克的基础上进一步提出:人的自由只有在自然权利的道德边际约束下产生的国家中才能得到保障,只有国家对个人自由权利的无害,才能确保个人对他人的无害.因此,国家对自由人的要求只能是“无害的“而不是“善良的“,“善良的“只能是个人对自己生活的道德要求.诺齐克没能解决当一个人无法保障自己的自然权利时,国家如何保障其自然权利的问题.只有建立在历史唯物主义基础上的道德边际约束递减律,才能有效解决这一问题.     

程序正义与中国——从传统的视角观察

正当法律程序是现代“法治”的重要标志之一,中国法律中程序正义的因素非常稀薄,其原因可以归结于历史传统的影响,包括根深蒂固的专制传统、缺乏平等观、注重个案正义、对真实的过分追求以及强调社会稳定和安全第一等因素。     

广告专业课程教学改革新思路

广告行业的快速发展，为广告专业人才的就业提供了一个广阔的空间。如何使广告专业的课程教学适应信息社会、知识经济的挑战，如何培养具有创新意识和创新能力的高素质应用型人才，是一个有待探讨的问题。作者在文中提出了教学改革的新思路和相应的对策。     

An economic model of social sensitivity: The case of individual criminal behavior

In general, economists have modeled criminal behavior as a problem in time allocation under uncertainty. Their Friedman-Savage utility models have been based on the binomial probability distribution and then tested using aggregate data on crime rates and neglect the nonpecuniary aspects of crime. This paper overcomes the shortcomings of previous work. Specifically, criminal activity is modeled with an underlying geometric probability process and explicitly accounts for the moral and social compromise involved in becoming a criminal. The empirical model enables the quantification of the criminal's moral and social sensitivity using data based on a consolidated file of police records and a cohort survey of criminals and noncriminals. On the basis of this unique data set, it is found that the included individual criminals are risk averse and that gang membership reduces social sensitivity.     

中国上市公司女性高层任职状况调查研究

本文采取系统抽样的方式,从2004年深、沪两市上市公司中抽取样本278家,根据上市公司年报中披露的相关信息,调查分析了中国上市公司中女性董事、监事及高管的比例及任职状况,对比研究了中国上市公司高层在任职方面的性别差异.研究结果表明,在中国上市公司中,女性在高层的任职比例为13.52%;女性在董事会成员中的比例为10.73%;女性在关键职位上的比例偏低,而且没有改变副职多、正职少的传统状况.另外,高层女性中拥有大专及以上学历的比例与高层男性基本相当,而高层女性的平均年龄略低于高层男性.