Recent Trends in Sentencing Policies in the Netherlands

This article considers sentencing in the Netherlands and in particular the changes that have been introduced since the 1980s, both in the adult and in the juvenile justice system. Several questions will be treated in the article. Sentencing in the Netherlands in the last two decades is analysed and some explanations for the changing trends are presented. Results indicate that the Netherlands is following a general pattern, prevalent in Europe and the US, of more punitive and repressive punishment. Also, the extent to which new sentencing options, such as community sanctions have made a difference to the upward trend in imprisonment, will be analysed. In an effort to reduce the costs of the system new policies are being developed, introducing both 'front door' and 'back door' varieties in sentencing. These will lead to some important and radical changes in the criminal justice system.     

An economic analysis of the post World War II decline in the Japanese crime rate

Since the end of World War II there has been a dramatic decrease in reported Japanese crime. Adult arrest rates have fallen steadily since the early 1950s and juvenile arrest rates have fallen since the early 1960s. An economic analysis of crime predicts that crime rates depend upon returns to crime relative to returns in legal pursuits and the certainty and severity of punishment. Regression analysis is used to test this theory using Japanese data. The empirical results indicate that the economic model does not outperform alternative naive models. However, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that increases in returns to legitimate work diminish both adult and juvenile crime. Unemployment affects some adult crimes but has little impact on juvenile crime. The share of the population in poverty has no significant impact on either type of crime. Increases in the certainty of punishment deters adult crime but there is little evidence that increases in either the certainty or the severity of punishment deter juvenile crime. There is weak evidence to support the hypothesis that increases in the severity of adult punishments deter crime.     

社区青少年犯罪被害研究

失学、失业和失管的社区青少年群体不仅是犯罪高发人群，而且其受到不法侵害的几率较大。本文从被害人学视角出发，围绕社区青少年犯罪被害性、社区青少年被害预防和社区青少年被害援助三个问题进行分析。     

废除死刑之门——未成年人不判死刑原则及其在中国的确立与延伸

禁止对未成年人判处死刑是联合国《儿童权利公约》、《少年司法最低限度标准规则》、《公民权利与政治权利国际公约》等所确立的一项基本原则。自20世纪初以来,中国即开始了确立这一原则的努力,但直到1997年刑法典才实现了与这一原则的"无缝衔接"。考察未成年人不判死刑原则在中国确立的历程,至少有三点启示:第一,尽管艰难,但彻底废除死刑在中国仍具有实现的可能性;第二,从犯罪主体(强调其社会弱势群体特征)的角度废除死刑要比从罪行性质的角度入手,更具可行性,也更为平等和较少带来负面影响;第三,青年,尤其是年轻青年与未成年人有着诸多类似之处,可以而且应当首先将未成年人不判死刑规则延伸于这一群体,这也是避免误判不满18岁未成年人死刑的需要。     

未成年人犯罪的刑事处遇问题研究——以绵阳市涪城区少年管教现状的调研为例

未成年人具有自身的特殊性。正是由于这些特殊性，立法体系应该在犯罪要素的框架内单独考虑建立未成年人刑事处遇体系。重视未成年人的特殊性以及建立一个有针对性的少年刑事处遇体系，有效预防和控制未成年人犯罪行为的发生，从而达到更好保障未成年人权益的目的。     

农村家庭“空巢”与留守青少年犯罪——以G市为例

随着我国工业化、城市化进程的不断加速，农村剩余劳动力向城市转移的规模也在不断扩大，由此出现了大量的空巢家庭和农村留守青少年。这些青少年由于缺少家庭的亲情关怀和父母的有力监管，很容易走上违法犯罪之路。因此，增强对留守青少年的家庭保护功能对于遏制青少年犯罪具有不可替代的作用。随着大量农村务工人员向城市的转移，农村家庭中普遍出现“空巢”现象，而由此带来的留守青少年犯罪现象也日益突出。本文以G市为例，对“空巢”家庭中留守青少年犯罪的家庭因素作些探讨。     

青少年犯罪预防理论的研究视角：从犯罪原因到犯罪断念的转向

断念是行为主体(特别是青少年越轨者或犯罪人)在一段稳定的时期内对犯罪偏好明显与确定的拒绝。现阶段犯罪预防措施通过控制青少年犯罪原因遏制青少年犯罪增长趋势,绩效前景颇为黯淡。从聚焦于犯罪原因分析到致力于犯罪断念研究的战略性转向将成为当代社会犯罪预防的重要突破。作为人生状态与行为过程的犯罪断念,在静态结构与动态运行的结合中发挥青少年犯罪预防的积极效果。     

少年司法中“宽严相济”刑事政策的应用——赵某、钱某故意伤害致人死亡一案的评析

青少年犯罪现象与日俱增，已经成为全社会共同关注的焦点问题。如何正确对待犯罪的青少年，怎样感化、引导他们，使他们重新回归社会、回归家庭，是司法工作人员所要面对的重要课题。在刑事审判中，要以法官为主导，正确贯彻“宽严相济”的刑事司法政策，通过个案达到法律效果和社会效果的统一，使“宽严相济”的刑事司法政策在构建社会主义和谐社会中发挥应有的作用。     

幼建鲤维生素B6缺乏的病理组织学观察及消化和免疫指标变化

选取450尾健康幼建鲤,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,分别饲喂维生素B6含量为0.20、1.71和6.32 mg/kg的饵料,研究了维生素B6缺乏对幼建鲤组织器官病理学变化及消化能力和非特异性免疫能力的影响。试验结果显示,维生素B6缺乏组的幼建鲤死亡率增加,出现肝细胞溶解,肠绒毛失去正常结构,脾拟淋巴细胞减少,头肾含铁血黄素沉积,肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死,心肌纤维间隙增宽等病理变化;肝、胰消化酶活力和非特异性免疫指标显著下降(P<0.01)。表明,维生素B6缺乏会造成水生动物组织器官不同程度的病理损伤,消化能力和非特异性免疫力降低,死亡率增加。