试论西南民族地区实行土地改革的实践

西南解放后 ,为了使各民族摆脱封建主义的束缚和落后的所有制形式 ,民族地区的土地改革成为民主改革的关键任务。在邓小平为首的西南局领导下 ,按照慎重稳进的方针 ,从民族地区实际出发 ,制定出行之有效的土改政策 ,成功地实践了这一社会变革。     

财政市场、土地资本化与异质性城市化

在以政府为主导的城市化进程中,土地财政成为了地方政府“经营城市”的重要手段。我国土地财政规模大、比例高,其形成不仅源于地方政府财权、事权不对等和地区之间、官员之间的竞争,究其质里,则是政府实现财政市场目标的行为投射。地方政府融资平台也基于相同的逻辑生成,帮助实现了土地财政的本质——资本化,弥补了地方政府的财政缺额。但是,土地的资本化提高了城市化成本,衍生出异质性,形成了空间与人口的矛盾,积累了凝结在城市中的金融、社会和道德风险,亟需引起重视。     

中国大一统的历史密码破译——基于政治经济制度的阐释

中国 “大一统”国家形态的形成源于治理水患与抵御外敌所需要的国家管理能力，而其维持则需要适应性的政治经济制度设计以维持中央政权的全面掌控能力。在农业社会，国家的控制能力取决于有效的组织体系与稳定的土地税收。为此，中国历代政权经过长期调整形成了以科举制为选拔机制的核心政治密码及建立有效土地制度和税收制度的经济密码。科举制能够更多地促进社会阶层的有序流动，延缓了侵占国家权力与土地税收的大地主的崛起，而土地制度虽然为适应人口及生产状况最终走向了私有制为主的道路，但在科举制确立以后的土地兼并再未形成影响国家行政能力的门阀地主阶层，从而有效地维持了国家的统一。因此，有序社会流动与土地税收制度设计正是保持历史上中国大一统的核心政治、经济密码。     

Colonia Housing Conditions in Model Subdivisions: A Déjà Vu for Policy Makers

The informal self-help settlements in Texas known as colonias have received considerable attention as a public policy problem at both the state and federal levels. These settlements proliferated throughout the border region since the late 1970s and research has highlighted the extreme poverty, austere levels of infrastructure, exploitative land sale practices, and poor housing conditions that characterized these settlements. However, both scholars and policymakers have overlooked the continued spread of self-help settlements known as “model subdivisions,” which barring the presence of basic water, wastewater, and electricity services, are nearly identical to colonias. We present the results of household surveys conducted with residents in 24 model subdivisions in Hidalgo County, Texas, in June 2014. The results suggest that, unbeknown to legislators, many of the problems that characterized colonias are now being reproduced in hundreds of model subdivisions that have formed since the 1990s, and which now require concerted attention and intervention by policy makers.     

A Retrospective Demographic and Clinicopathologic Review of Deaths Resulting from Minefield Explosions During Migrants’ Attempts to Enter Greece from Turkey Between 1997 and 2008

Until 2008, the easternmost land borders of the European Union (Greek‐Turkish land zone) were planted with minefields spanning 11 km. Therefore, numerous fatalities occurred in peacetime as migrants attempted to avoid Greek border checks. Numerous fatal incidents (51) were detected inside the Greek minefields between 1997 and 2008. Determination of age, sex, time of death, and nationality were evaluated in every case. The injuries’ anatomical dispersion, their severity, and the mechanism of death were examined in relation to the victims’ position at the moment of the explosion. Data research indicated that all victims were male, aged 18–30 in their majority, crossing border minefields mainly during the night. Their distance and position in relation to the point of detonation was a key factor in the trauma localization and severity. This review highlights the devastating consequences of the residual mines during peacetime, a situation that continues to be a persistent international problem.     

农地流转法律问题探析

农地流转是保障国家粮食充足、实现农业现代化、提高农民生活水平的重要举措。然而,农地流转存在土地所有权主体虚位、土地流转程序不规范、土地市场中介组织不完善等众多障碍。因此,采取完善农地产权制度、规范农地流转行为等一系列措施将有效健全农地流转制度,推动农地合理、有序流转。     

中国城乡结合部土地规制改进的探讨

目前,在土地转性和用途更改集中的城乡结合部,呈现出土地利用的粗放式、低效率、违法违规等问题,表明现有的土地规制政策有其内在缺陷,不能有效地遏制耕地资源的减少。因此,应当从明晰土地产权,完善土地征用的法律制度、程序、管理体制,加强市场机制作用等方面进行城乡结合部土地规制的改进。     

论农村土地征收中的公平补偿

在农村土地征收中确立公平补偿制度对于保护农民权益、规范政府行为、优化资源配置、维护社会稳定等具有重要意义。落实公平补偿应做到重塑以市场价格为基础的完全补偿原则,逐步扩大农地征收的补偿范围、合理拓展农地征收的补偿方式、完善征地补偿的程序与救济途径。     

农村土地承包经营权财产性与社会保障性的冲突之解析——以贵州农村土地承包经营权流动现状为基础

农村土地承包经营权具备财产性和社会保障性双重特质,由于自身所追求价值目标的不同和外在所强加的使命,农村土地承包经营权财产性与社会保障特质相互冲突,财产特质无法反映现代市场经济的需求,造成了效率的低下及其他经济、社会问题的产生。因此,有必要在法律层面和实践层面进行修正和努力,以促进农村绿洲社会的发展和维持社会的稳定。     

论小产权房与我国土地的利益分配

小产权房是一个全国热议的话题,针对小产权房问题各家学者观点纷呈。与其说小产权问题首先涉及法律问题,不如说首先涉及利益分配的问题,处理小产权房问题,也就是对整个社会资源的再分配问题。在小产权房带来的这一场变化中,受益最大的是地方政府和一些房地产开发商。未来土地制度的设计必须充分考虑我国的国情,因此,必须结合我国人口资源环境长远发展道路,思考"小产权房"问题。