农地使用权的界定及转让探析

土地承包经营权的缺陷决定了其必须物权化为农地使用权。农地使用权是一项独立的用益物权。我国物权立法应当在确立农地使用权制度的基础上 ,允许农地使用权转让。     

土地用途管制模式的立法转变

我国现行土地用途行政管制模式出现“制度失灵”,公法与私法规范结合的激励性管制应成为行政管制的替代模式。国际上土地用途管制改革已出现了总量管制与弹性管制、社区赋权、规划协议等激励性管制的实证样本,规划的不确定性理论、规划权利理论、管制协商理论为新型管制做出了法学解释。激励性土地用途管制的本质是模仿市场机制的私人自我管制。在我国,国家本位的衰落,土地市场多元利益的并存与竞争,迫切需要以激励性管制替代制度成本过高的传统行政管制。土地用途管制改革的基本路径是,划分行政干预与市场配置土地资源的法定边界,合理嵌入管制的私法规范。     

房产税制度中建设用地使用权刍议

我国宪法规定土地归国家和集体所有,而税法规定房产税的缴纳主体为产权所有人。实践中对个人征收住宅房产税时,应考虑将住宅建设用地使用权价值予以扣除。考察英美法系和大陆法系国家经验,我国房产税试点中有两种征税模式可供选择:一是将住宅的土地使用税合并至房地产税中一并征收;二是在房地产税的计税依据中扣减住宅建设用地使用权的价值,同时对个人住宅建设用地使用权征收土地使用税。     

试析我国农村土地承包经营权的性质

农村土地承包经营权是我国农村土地制度的核心。对于土地承包经营权的法律属性,学术界曾经存在较大的分歧。结合对《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》条文的理解,从几方面论证了土地承包经营权是物权;与传统的用益物权永佃权进行了差别比较;指出农村土地承包经营权有关制度尚须完善。     

异化与回归:我国城市土地储备制度的正当性考辨

城市土地储备制度是近年来在我国各地实践中产生的一项土地供应新制度。其实质在于对一级市场土地供应的国家垄断的强化。无论从经济的合理性还是制度的合宪性分析,国家垄断土地一级市场都有其正当性;储备本身是天然的调控工具。但城市土地储备制度在其演进过程中日益偏离了“调控城市存量土地”的初衷,而异化为“地方政府将土地低进高出,实现利益最大化的工具”。因此,必须让城市土地储备制度回归其作为调控工具的本来价值。     

包产到户的历史考察与启示——以福建为例

本文回顾了福建农民对包产到户独立的探索历程,强调在新时期农村现代化建设中,要以史为鉴,尊重农民群众的首创精神,保护农民的切身利益,调动农民的积极性,不断探索农村公有制的有效实现形式,促进城乡经济社会协调发展.     

Title Assurance and Incentives for Efficient Land Use

This paper develops an economic analysis of a general class of land title systems, focusing specifically on incentives for efficient exchange and investment in land. The analysis abstracts from certain institutional features of actual title systems, and is therefore largely normative in nature. Nevertheless, the results are relevant for a complete evaluation of alternative systems, especially for countries where land development (or redevelopment) is a primary objective. The results suggest that in most cases, land registration is preferred to the recording system on exchange and investment grounds, holding other factors constant.     

The Correlation Effect of Land Finance to Basic Public Service:An Empirical Study on Compulsory Education,Health and Social Services

Local governments are constantly disturbed by land finance about the supplying effectiveness of basic public services. With the steady deepening of the financial reform, this disturbance has reverse effect on the local government reform process. Through literature review of existing land finance and public service, this research constructs the relational theory model of land finance and product supply of basic public services, in order to theoretically interpret the relations between land finance and economic or non-economic public service products, for better distinction. With the aid of random and fixed effect model regression analysis, this paper clarifies the significant impact of land transfer and financial autonomy for the supply of basic public services. Furthermore, with the robustness test, it is found that increasing land finance basic public service provision would generate negative external tropism. Therefore, we suggest proper adjustment of the relationship between the central and local land fiscal configuration, optimizing the structure of land tax, enhancing fiscal autonomy of local governments, and promoting the reform of land finance, for the effectiveness of basic public service provision.     

Coercive capacity,land reform and political order in Afghanistan

This article compares four historical periods in Afghanistan to better understand whether land reform in the post-2001 context will improve prospects for political order. Its central finding is that political order can be established without land reform provided that the state is able to establish and maintain coercive capacity. However, the cost of establishing political order mainly through coercion is very low levels of economic development. We also find that when land reform was implemented in periods of weak or declining coercive capacity, political disorder resulted from grievances unrelated to land issues. In addition, land reforms implemented in the context of highly centralized political institutions increased property insecurity. This suggests the importance of investing in coercive capacity alongside land reform in the current context but also that establishing inclusive political institutions prior to land reform will increase its chances of success.     

Beyond the ownership question: who will till the land? The new debate on China’s agricultural production

A high-profile debate is taking place in China concerning the organization of agricultural land and production, with profound implications for China’s countryside. This debate is between those advocating for agricultural production to be taken over by large-scale agribusinesses, and those against this. Proponents regard agribusinesses as embodying modernity and progress, while those against forewarn of the channeling of profits out of peasant hands, the loss of peasants’ autonomy over labor and land, and the destruction of rural life. Recent English language publications on China’s agrarian change highlight the growing power of agribusiness and related processes of depeasantization, implying the Chinese debate on “who will till the land?” is futile. But this view obscures efforts by Chinese scholars and policymakers to promote forms of agricultural organization conducive to maintaining peasant livelihoods. By examining the Chinese debates on agribusinesses, family farms, and cooperatives, this article highlights points of contestation among policymakers and alternative possibilities, which may yet shape the course of China’s agrarian change. This article contributes to scholarship on China’s agrarian change, broader questions concerning depeasantization, and developmental possibilities under collective ownership.