比较法视野中的土地利用权利体系研究

大陆法系和英美法系国家土地利用权利体系存在较大差异。大陆法系国家的土地立法注重保护土地的归属,而英美法系国家的法律更注重保护土地的利用,从二者的差异分析中可获得一些启示。     

土地承包经营权及其在《物权法草案》中的完善

土地承包经营权归为物权有利于保护包括广大农民在内的权利人权益。为完善土地承包经营权在《物权法草案》中的立法,需要科学设计《物权法草案》土地承包经营权章节体例,强制施行当事人登记制度,确立包括抵押、继承在内的多种土地承包经营权流转方式,消除对土地承包经营权转让的限制,列明土地承包经营权期限及其消灭情形。     

农村税费改革中存在的一些问题及对策

“十六大”做出了“继续推进农村税费改革 ,减轻农民负担 ,保护农民利益”的决定 ,在这新的历史条件下 ,按照“三个代表”重要思想的要求 ,如何正确处理好国家、集体和农民的关系 ,从根本上解决农民负担过重的问题 ,促进农民增收和农村稳定 ,当前进行的农村税费改革 ,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

家庭联产承包责任制的再审视

家庭联产承包责任制由于符合农业自身的特点和我国当时的农村实际 ,为我国农业经济的恢复和发展发挥了巨大的作用。但在国民经济已转入市场经济的今天 ,这种体制下农地流转的非市场方式已暴露出粗放经营、低效率、土地使用权属性不明确等弊端 ,因而有待进一步改革。     

集体土地征收与农地转用审批

由于土地用途和所有权方面的原因,集体所有的农业用地转为非农建设用地首先要通过土地征收将集体土地转为国有土地。这一产生于计划经济背景下的制度已不合时宜,既侵害了农民的土地产权又不利于有关土地管理的行政法治,也不能充分保护土地资源。应根据产权理论和行政征收原理加以改革,分别建立独立的集体土地征收制度和农地转用审批制度。     

发展陕西果业 壮大县域经济

县域经济的发展在于特色,果业是陕西省的特色产业,充分利用资源优势,促进果业的发展,带动相关产业的兴旺、发达,从而带动县域经济的高速增长,加快县域经济发展,是我省实现强省富民目标的重要途径,也会使我省的经济迈向一个新台阶。     

地方政府与农民在农村土地流转中的角色定位及重塑

农村土地流转制度改革是一个复杂而系统的过程,需要明确地方政府的主导角色和发挥农民的主体作用。然而,当前土地流转过程中地方政府与农民的角色定位与现实境遇存在巨大偏差,遭遇到种种困境和瓶颈束缚,迫切要求从体制上、从观念上加以重塑,推动农村土地流转制度改革。     

毛泽东、邓小平解决农民问题的经验及其当代意义

农民问题有两个核心:一是土地问题,二是农村剩余劳动力的转移。毛泽东和邓小平分别成功地解决了中国革命和社会主义建设初期的土地问题,对农村剩余劳动力的转移也做了有益的探索,为当代农民问题的解决提供了宝贵的经验,即进行大胆的制度创新,进一步扩大和保障农民对土地的权利,并通过农村人口的城市化和市民化实现农村剩余劳动力的转移。     

The Great Rabbit Massacre – A “Comedy of the Commons”? Custom, Community and Rights of Public Access to the Links of St Andrews

In the US courts and legal scholars have rediscovered the English doctrine of custom. In her essay ``The Comedy of the Commons: Custom, Commerce, and Inherently Public Property', Professor Carol Rose argues that customary uses of recreation lands should be upheld by courts because the highest value of such land is achieved by keeping them open to the public. Rose relies in her argument on the English doctrine of custom, but the doctrine of custom legitimates local not public use. British legal history, however, provides an example of such a ``public' common in the Links of St Andrews. In the case Dempster v. Cleghorn, the golfing public sought to vindicate their customary right to the maintenance of golfing ground as it had been ``in all times past'. This article examines the case of Dempster, and the consequent riot, and asks whether it was a ``comedy of the commons'. It concludes that despite ten years of litigation and the extirpation of the Dempsters' warrened rabbits, the case nevertheless is a ``comedy of the commons' that provides a model of the meditation of public use by local custom and community. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Dalits and Dispossession: A Comparison

ABSTRACT

Widespread “land wars” in contemporary India have rekindled older debates over the implications of capitalism for caste, with some arguing that land dispossession for new economy projects may be liberating for Dalits. We assess this argument through comparative ethnographic and survey research into the consequences of dispossession for Dalits in the cases of two Special Economic Zones built during the 2000s. We advance three arguments. The first, methodological, is that approaching this question requires systematically comparing the outcomes of dispossession for Dalits relative to upper castes. The second, based on such an assessment, is that the interaction between exclusionary growth and caste-based agrarian inequalities has in both cases expanded socio-economic inequalities between upper and lower castes and left most dispossessed Dalits worse off in absolute terms. Third, the cases demonstrate important qualitative differences across generally bad outcomes for Dalits, which derive from the combination of project characteristics and pre-existing agrarian inequalities. While demonstrating how the exclusionary growth driving dispossession in contemporary India is generally unpromising for Dalits, we underscore the importance of comparative ethnographic research into the interaction between different forms of dispossession and specific agrarian social structures.