承揽合同四论

区别承揽合同与劳动合同,首先看当事人双方的约定,无约定时看补充协议;达不成补充协议的,遵循交易习惯;无习惯可循的,按照承揽合同处理。我国现行法对于次承揽合同设有若干限制,对于不规则承揽也予以了承认。关于工作成果所有权的归属,应当区分类型加以确定,不宜整齐划一。     

高等教育契约关系下大学生受教育权探析

随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善,高校与大学生的法律关系发生了显著的变化,需要重新审视。特别是教育成本补偿制度和毕业生就业市场化机制的实行,高校与大学生的关系正逐步从“特别权力关系”向“教育契约关系”演变。因此,基于师生平权理念,从完善高等教育法律制度的层面,把高等教育法律作为一种固定的程序规则,使其成为高校行政权力的控权机制,同时健全大学生权利诉求程序性保障机制具有极为重要的意义和现实价值。     

Patient characteristics related to length of stay in Dutch forensic psychiatric care

Create an overview of characteristics of patients in long-term forensic psychiatric care (LFPC) with a higher length of stay (LOS) care compared to patients in regular forensic psychiatric care (RFPC) with a shorter LOS. Data were collected from 139 patient records. This study examined whether patients in LFPC differ from patients in RFPC on sociodemographic data, legal data and clinical data and whether those characteristics are able to predict LOS. Patients in LFPC were more often born in a Dutch Caribbean country, less often had a substance abuse disorder, were more often emotionally neglected during childhood, had a higher HCR-20 risk item score, a higher security needs score, a higher (less successful) recovery score, were more often recidivist and had absconded more often than RFPC patients. Certain characteristics were able to distinguish the longer LOS group which might be useful to establish sequel services and enhance treatment efficiency.     

The Shadow Price of Social Change and Its Evaluation

This paper analyzes the “shadow price” of social transformation. For the first time, an attempt was made to determine the approaches to measuring this value with regard to nonmarket phenomena and processes, and to apply these approaches in an empirical analysis, based on a representative survey in Russia (N = 1,000) using experimental situations.

Specifically, it quantitatively evaluates (1) the degree of divergence between the real and the ideal structure of the time budget of several important domains of social life; (2) the ratio of social ills to social benefits; (3) individual public welfare functions; and (4) the social cost, legitimated by citizens, of reproducing two fundamental public goods: “the capacity to maintain ‘superpower’ status” and “the well-being of the future generations.”

The authors introduce and operationalize the novel concept of the socially suboptimal product of labor, that is, the product resulting from alienated (or unwilling) labor, and conversely, the product that could potentially result from using unutilized willing labor. In doing so we support the idea of distinguishing productive and unproductive forms within both the notion of labor and the notion of leisure. Aggregated estimates of these values show the share of gross domestic product (GDP) that could be optimized due to a redistribution of the time budget of the population between the main areas of life, according to ideal social preferences.

The balance of social benefits and social ills resulting from the life experiences and activities of individuals is empirically evaluated. We consider this balance, which is the sum of impacts of the social environment on the individual, as a suitable model for explaining how individuals make decisions about whether or not to participate in public life.

“Individual public welfare functions” are assessed empirically, demonstrating that individual utility depends on personal and collective consumption. Empirical testing covered a wide range of nation-building areas with public investment in relevant types of merit and public goods.

Then the authors propose and test on empirical data an opportunity cost approach to evaluating socially legitimate amounts of funding for the fundamental social benefits “superpower” or “additional power” of the nation.

The cost of the public good “well-being of the future generations” is calculated for the Russian sample.

Finally, the estimates of the discount rates of human lives and “healthy and prosperous years of life” were obtained for Russia for the first time.

The findings of the study are relevant for the efficient management of complex socioeconomic systems. The authors strongly believe that revealing the structure of existing social preferences and estimating their impact on various areas of social life will help improve policymaking by explicitly taking into account the specifics of the real social contract between the state and society.     

人事保证的法律适用及立法选择

现今社会的信任危机导致人事保证在实践中被大量地运用并发生许多纠纷,由于缺乏明确的法律规范,理论界对人事保证制度众说纷纭,实务界对人事保证制度亦莫衷一是。考虑到我国的现实国情以及立法的精神,我国不应构建人事保证制度,在人事保证制度完全被雇员忠诚信用保证保险制度取代之前,实务中宜用无名合同的规则来严格认定人事保证合同的法律效力。     

开展土地承包经营权抵押的法律建议

土地承包经营权抵押是农村产权流转改革的必要组成部分,具有现实需求与可行性。但目前我国法律对其有着相当程度的限制．实践试点中也集中反映出目前法律制度对土地承包经营权抵押支持不足的问题。建议在立法上修改不必要的限制,同时通过修改相关法律规定、建立农村土地承包经营权流转服务中心、引进专业中介机构服务、出台金融扶持政策等多种渠道完善相关法律制度,切实保障农民的合法权益。     

民事申诉案件和解制度探析

民事申诉和解在本质上属于民法意义上的契约,和解协议的效力可以从实体法和程序法两方面进行分析。民事申诉和解与法院既判力的关系,包括两个方面：一是和解协议具有民事契约的请求力是否违背＂禁止重复起诉＂原理;二是如何协调民事申诉和解之诉与法院既判之诉之间的冲突。全方位构建民事申诉和解制度,明确应遵循的基本原则、适用范围。     

建立契约制婚姻的哲学思考

爱情是我国婚姻法制度的预设前提,也是婚姻法力求实现的目标。然而从婚姻制度的实践来看,这样的婚姻制度并不足以维护婚姻的稳定和和谐,而契约制婚姻能够实现这个目标。     

论不动产买卖合同的效力、登记及所有权转移

在我国不动产买卖中,不动产买卖合同成立生效和不动产买卖登记之间的时间差导致不动产买卖交易中不动产合同生效和所有权转移时间上的不一致。虽然我国立法至今没有对物权行为做出明确的规定,甚至连理论界还对此有所争议,但交易中用物权行为和债权行为的分离理论来分析此问题却是事半功倍。采取不动产登记要件主义或不动产登记对抗主义和所有权的转移更有着直接的联系,但无论采取哪一种主义,在出卖人信用不好、违约成风的情况下都不能有效的保证在先交易的安全,即都不能有效防止一物数卖。本文以为,建立有效的不动产登记与查询制度,尽量缩短合同成立生效与登记行为的时间差才是当务之急。     

合同编解除制度的完善

合同解除既是合同权利义务消灭的原因,也是违约救济的重要方式,是我国民法典合同编制定过程中应当重点规定的法律制度。虽然《合同法》所规定的合同解除制度基本适应了我国市场经济的发展需要,但仍有需要完善之处。我国民法典合同编应当进一步明确法定解除权的主体,完善法定解除的条件,细化合同解除的规则,明确合同解除的效力,以更好地适应市场交易和司法实践发展的需要。