法律定性与经济分析——评兰德斯与波斯纳的《侵权法的经济结构》

兰德斯与波斯纳的《侵权法的经济结构》是本集大成之作,但其以管制的投入产出模型去分析具自治本质的侵权法,必然是失败的。在大多数情况,兰德斯与波斯纳将防害投入仅限于物理资源,因此交易成本以及冲突活动间的价值抵换,都被排除在考虑之外。但问题是,前者正是制度选择的基础,而后者则是正确计算社会损失的保证,因此其模型就空空如也。其结果是:一、将侵害人的效益加入了故意侵权之分析;二、在分析各种赔偿责任制的利弊时,混淆了(事前)无责任制与(事后)个案中侵害人的无庸负责;三、在过失认定时,恰好颠倒了侵害人应适用的高低标准。漠视法律定性(基于制度分工),经济分析将无所附丽。     

Increasing Participation and Compliance in International Climate Change Agreements

Scientific and economic consensus points to the need for a credible and cost-effective approach to address the threat of global climate change, but the Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change appears incapable of inducing significant participation and compliance. We assess the Protocol and alternative policy architectures, with particular attention to their respective abilities to induce participation and compliance. We find that those approaches that offer cost-effective mitigation are unlikely to induce significant participation and compliance, while those approaches that are likely to enjoy a reasonably high level of implementation by sovereign states are sorely lacking in terms of their anticipated cost effectiveness. The feasible set of policy architectures is thus limited to second-best alternatives.     

Nonsectarian welfare statements

How can we measure whether national institutions in general, and regulatory institutions in particular, are dysfunctional? A central question is whether they are helping a nation's citizens to live good lives. A full answer to that question would require a great deal of philosophical work, but it should be possible to achieve an incompletely theorized agreement on a kind of nonsectarian welfarism, emphasizing the importance of five variables: subjective well‐being, longevity, health, educational attainment, and per capita income. In principle, it would be valuable to identify the effects of new initiatives (including regulations) on all of these variables. In practice, it is not feasible to do so; assessments of subjective well‐being present particular challenges. In their ideal form, Regulatory Impact Statements should be seen as Nonsectarian Welfare Statements, seeking to identify the consequences of regulatory initiatives for various components of welfare. So understood, they provide reasonable measures of regulatory success or failure, and, hence, a plausible test of dysfunction. There is a pressing need for improved evaluations, including both randomized controlled trials and ex post assessments.     

关于学术期刊收取版面费问题的研究

版面费也叫文章发表费,一般指正式学术期刊刊用作者的文章后其期刊编辑部向作者收取的现金费用。版面费伴随着我国向市场经济的转变而出现于20世纪80年代末期。学术期刊收取版面费是学术期刊办刊人为适应市场经济条件下学术期刊的发展要求而作出的尝试。     

新生代农民工市民化成本的测算框架分析——来自Z市的案例

与第一代农民工不同,新生代农民工在市民化进程中有着不同的诉求,由此形成不同的市民化成本特点。本文以加快新生代农民工市民化为基本政策目标,构建一个更具普遍意义的农民工市民化成本分析框架,并且结合在Z市的调研访谈以及获得的基础数据,初步测算出新生代农民工市民化的成本。     

政府组织规模与行政成本的财政思考

合理确定政府组织规模,节约政府行政成本,构建一个成本低廉、运行高效的公共服务型政府是当前深化行政体制和财政体制改革的重要任务。本文从合理政府组织规模的测度入手,对我国目前政府组织规模的现状、政府行政成本及增长情况进行了实证分析,在此基础上提出了科学界定政府职能、深化行政体制改革、提高财政资源使用效率的政策建议。     

行政成本概念鉴辨与重构

科学准确界定行政成本的定义与内涵是深刻认识行政成本的性质和范畴、深入研究行政成本、有针对性地有效控制行政成本的前提和基础。本文提出,行政成本是政府为了获得某种收益而必须为之付出的代价,即政府为了实现对社会的公共管理和为公众提供公共服务,所耗费的各种资源,以及由其所引发出的现今和未来一段时间的间接性损失。     

Counting the cost of crime in Italy

We gauge the cost of crime in Italy by concentrating on a subset of offences covering about 64% of total recorded crimes in the year 2006. Following the breakdown of costs put forward by Brand and Price, we focus on the costs in anticipation, as a consequence, and in response to a specific offence. The estimated total social cost is more than €38 billion, which amounts to about 2.6% of Italy's GDP. To show the usefulness of these measures, we borrow the elasticity estimates from recent studies concerning the determinants of crime in Italy and calculate the cost associated with the surge in crime fuelled by unemployment and pardons. Indeed, in both cases such costs are substantial, implying that they should no longer be skipped when assessing the relative desirability of public policies towards crime.     

法律控制的成本分析——以对通奸和黄色短信的法律控制为例

受国家支付能力的限制,法律控制的范围不应过度扩展。在理论上,法律控制的合理边界应当确定在边际控制收益与边际控制成本恰好相等的位置上。因此,为了节省公共资源的投入,国家就要被迫限定法律的控制的范围,甚至会有意保留一些法律空白,许多有害行为因此可以"逍遥法外"。通奸和手机传播黄色短信就属此类有害行为。     

论法经济学分析范式的传承与分野——科斯分析范式与波斯纳分析范式之比较

法经济学分析范式在法经济学理论体系中处于基础性地位。从某种意义上而言,法经济学的发展实际上就是其自身分析范式的持续性革命。科斯以交易成本为最基本的分析工具,架起了新古典经济学与法律之间联系的桥梁,在大大增强了新古典经济学对现实问题解释力的同时,也为法经济学的研究提供了可能。而波斯纳则在继承科斯法经济学分析范式的同时,另辟蹊径,运用科斯提出的交易成本理论及其衍生的效率工具来分析法律规则背后的经济逻辑,为法经济学的进一步发展拓宽了理论的空间,由此形成了法经济学下的经济的法律分析和法律的经济分析的不同研究路径,从而最终导致法经济学分析范式的分野。