The Average Treatment and Its Cost,Age, and Gender of Patients With Ischemic Heart Diseases

Ensuring efficient treatment of patients in hospital care, with precise management of resources and cost planning. Goals： Dividing the patients with ischemic heart diseases into five groups with the highest cost of treatment, and determining the link among the cost of treatment and the average length of hospital stay, age, and gender of these patients. Materials and methods： Standardized reports of 10,040 patients from three hospitals in Macedonia from 2010 to 2012 were used. The databases were processed in SPSS 17, and the ANOVA and the Chi-square test were applied. Results and discussion： There is a statistically significant difference between the groups which have different cost of treatment and the average length of their treatment （F = 183.63 and p = 0.000） and a statistically significant difference between the five most expensive groups of patients in terms of their gender （Chi-square = 370.262, df = 4, and p = 0.000）. Furthermore, there are statistically significant differences between patients with different cost of treatment in terms of their age （F = 24.25 and p = 0.000）. Conclusion： The ＂most expensive＂ patients have the longest average hospital stay.     

上市公司现金分红制度的自治与强制——以股利代理成本理论为逻辑基础

控制股东与小股东之间的利益冲突是我国上市公司中存在的主要问题。我国股利分配失衡问题归根究底在于公司内部缺乏适当的权利制衡机制,存在内部人特别是控制股东侵害小股东合法利益的问题,这是公司治理机制不完善不健全的结果。我国与再融资行为相挂钩的上市公司现金分红制度具固有缺陷。依据股利代理成本理论,公司现金分红是小股东利益保护机制的结果,只有小股东利益保护机制得以有效执行,我国上市公司的股利分配失衡问题才能迎刃而解。应当尊重公司自治原则,通过契约设计和制度创新来增强公司股东对现金分红决策的参与度,对大股东权利的行使形成有效的制衡;同时,强化特定情形下控制股东的诚信义务,发展股东强制股利分配之诉,对上市公司控制股东滥用控制权侵害小股东利益的行为进行责任追究是我国解决股利分配失衡问题的必然出路。     

Contracting Out Parks and Recreation Services: Correcting for Selection Bias Using a Heckman Selection Model

Despite the growing scholarly attention on the efficiency rationale of contracting out, the empirical evidence to support claims that contracting out service delivery reduces service costs has not been forthcoming. Using transaction cost theories, this research explores park and recreation service provision costs across contractor sectors, controlling for the choice to contract out a service or not. The two-stage Heckman model indicates the importance of competitive markets and economies of scale in reducing transaction cost risk which local governments must face. This research also addresses how state and local institutional settings define the context in which policy decisions are made and implemented.     

The cost of protection racket in Sicily

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the current cost of protection rackets in Sicily. By means of a database constructed on judicial evidence, it has been possible to come up with an estimate of the average and total costs of the protection-money system, as well as finding out in which sectors of economic activity and in which provinces is most pervasive. The average monthly payment is approximately 600 euros per business, with stronger effects in those areas with a relatively more traditional economic structure. As a whole, in monetary terms, the protection racket in Sicily accounts for over 1.4% of gross regional product. Finally, the paper supports the hypothesis that in most cases, the pervasive presence of the mafia represents a considerable constraint on business growth.     

双语语言转换代价理论研究

语言转换代价是认知心理学研究的热点和焦点问题。以特定语言选择模型和非特定语言选择模型为出发点,阐述心理学家在行为研究、脑的电生理技术、脑成像技术和脑的病理研究方面所取得的进展,对研究成果进行评价,指出探索双语者语言转换奥秘是一个复杂的过程,需要在进一步提高研究方法的信度和效度上下功夫。     

资产组合调整成本、金融冲击与失业波动

基于包含资产组合调整成本与金融冲击的NKMP-DSGE模型,文章考察了金融冲击的宏观经济效应。金融冲击的贝叶斯脉冲响应函数表明,积极的金融冲击引起产出与就业的上升并降低了失业。通过贝叶斯脉冲响应函数的比较发现,资产组合调整成本在一定程度上阻碍了金融冲击作用的发挥。进一步,失业的贝叶斯冲击分解表明,货币政策冲击是推动失业波动的主要动力,而金融冲击则次之。因此,扩宽融资渠道,降低资产组合调整成本,将有利于金融冲击积极作用的发挥。并且,本文研究支持了在遭遇大的逆向外部冲击时政府采用非常规货币政策,进而形成积极的金融冲击影响劳动力市场。     

基于发生性质的薪酬调整方法

传统的人工成本分析方法往往只通过指标测算给出企业人工成本效率的判断,但在如何利用人工成本分析的结果进行人工成本调整方面的讨论却比较少。结合企业人工成本历史情况以及同时期的外部人工成本情况,包括行业水平、主要竞争对手水平,人工成本分析的结果对企业人工成本的投入起指导作用。基于人工成本发生性质的薪酬体系成为调整的方向,并在人力资源管理中运用。     

当代中国工会组织的角色与使命－从发展经济学的角度来作若干的分析

从发展经济学的角度对当代中国工会组织进行分析,可以阐明以下问题劳动供给与工会组织基础的新扩展;人力资源与开发过程中的工会任务;劳动关系与工会作用领域的再定位,除代表和辅助协调者外,工会还应该是一个学习者和合作者.经济发展与社会福利增长应该同步,我们需要的是物的发展与人的发展的统一性,工会组织的历史使命及角色的基础也在于此.     

证券投资基金模式演变的几个理论解释

一百多年来,证券投资基金不断得到发展,基金形式也从早期单一的封闭式基金演变成为开放式基金占主导.本文试从科斯的交易成本理论、委托代理理论和契约理论来对这种演变进行解释.     

美国降低行政公开成本的实践及启示

行政公开需要较高的成本,为了节约开支和降低成本，美国政府试图采取多种改革方案，但这些改革并不一定会取得理想、的效果。如何看待行政公开与居高不下的行政成本的矛盾，是我们必须面对的又一难题。我们应辩证地分析行政公开的高成本问题。