关于降低行政成本问题的思考

改革开放以来,我国行政成本占财政支出的比例不断提高。庞大的行政管理支出不仅加重了财政负担,影响了政府形象,也妨碍了政府行政效率的提高。当前应转变政府职能,控制机构规模;建立科学的绩效评估制度;强化财政预算,规范财政支出;控制干部职务消费增长;树立成本观念,提高行政人员素质,通过这些有效措施降低行政成本。     

论侦查成本与犯罪成本的关系

侦查成本与犯罪成本是对立统一的范畴,二者之间的关系对侦查效益有着直接的影响。从宏现来看,提高犯罪成本、压缩侦查成本有利于降低犯罪率和提高侦查效益;而从微观的角度分析,简单地提高犯罪成本和压缩侦查成本是片面且不可取的。应该从合理投入侦查成本、降低犯罪率和控制犯罪能量等方面全面开展工作并加强落实,以达到提高侦查效益、减小犯罪危害的目的。     

Drug abuse, crime costs, and the economic benefits of treatment

Several studies have examined the social consequences and costs of criminal activity. The most popular approach for estimating the costs of crime focuses on easily measurable factors such as incarceration costs, victims' out-of-pocket expenses, medical costs, and lost earnings. However, the intangible losses incurred by victims of crime have rarely been considered. These losses include pain and suffering, as well as loss of the enjoyment of living. Based on recent developments by Cohen and colleagues, we adopt a more comprehensive method for estimating the dollar value of avoided criminal activity, taking into account these intangible losses. We demonstrate the feasibility of this method by estimating the pre- and posttreatment costs of criminal activity for a sample of 2420 drug abusers. The estimated crime-related costs incurred during the period prior to treatment admission and the period after treatment discharge are significantly higher when calculated using the proposed method compared to methods that only consider tangible costs. Furthermore, a simple benefit-cost comparison of criminal activity outcomes indicates that drug abuse treatment has the potential to return net benefits to society through crime reduction. Although the treatment outcomes are not based on an experimental design, this study presents quantitative evidence that including victims' intangible losses can substantially raise the estimated dollar benefits of avoided criminal activity due to drug abuse interventions.This paper was prepared while the authors were employed by Research Triangle Institute.     

民事诉讼效率新探

诉讼效率低下目前已成为制约我国法制和社会发展的瓶颈之一。认识这一问题首先要明确效率与民事诉讼的效率以及其他相关概念的确切含义。其次由于诉讼活动与日俱增导致司法机关压力越来越沉重,司法资源严重不足且存在严重的资源浪费等原因,使得提高民事诉讼的效率势在必行。而要提高民事诉讼的效率,应当从增进社会总福利的角度,进行成本———收益分析和均衡分析来解决。     

Does regulation kill jobs?: The limits of quantification

This essay reviews a new edited volume entitled Does Regulation Kill Jobs? It concludes that this book brings much needed data and realism to the debate about jobs and the environment, showing that government regulation generally has minor impacts on employment. This essay focuses much of its attention on the suggestion, discussed by several of the contributors to this book, that cost–benefit analysis should include a dollar value representing an estimate of the value of employment changes a proposed regulation might cause. It discusses concerns about double counting, ex ante estimates of employment impacts, monetization of the value of employment impacts, and potentially misleading asymmetric analysis.     

Counting the development costs of the conflict in North-Eastern Nigeria: the economic impact of the Boko Haram-led insurgency

Nigeria presents an important case for examining the interaction between economic emergence and (in)security on account of the Boko Haram-led insurgency. This paper interrogates long-standing theoretical assumptions about the economic consequences of violent conflict in such a complex space. It analyses the cost of North-East Nigeria’s conflict on development by considering its impact on the economy at the national and subnational levels. Generalised assumptions about the ways through which conflict affects development appear to hold in some regards but not in others. Evidence suggests some disruption in fiscal adjustments at the macro level, trade and investment as well as agricultural production and commerce within the North-East but less so with regard to economic growth and foreign direct investment flows at the national level. The paper finds evidence of a dichotomy in terms of the impact of the conflict on the national and subnational economy. There is a high degree of containment of the repercussions of the conflict at the subnational level. However, there remains a degree of interconnectedness across these strata that are influenced by both domestic and international political economy dynamics.     

行政指导及其法治化的产生发展考略

西方国家的市场经济和政府职能主要经历了四个发展阶段,行政指导是这一发展过程的产物;政指导是符合法经济学之成本效益原则的行为选择,已成为当今社会重要的行政手段和政府职能;正确认识和把握行政指导产生发展的历史脉络,有利于积极运用和改进行政指导措施,     

政府绩效审计改革能降低行政成本吗?

我国的政府行政成本一直居高不下,政府审计部门在传统政府审计基础上加入“绩效”理念,有助于监督政府各项公共管理活动,对行政成本起到一定的控制作用。研究结论表明:政府绩效审计的实施有利于降低地方政府行政成本;经过倾向得分匹配后的样本依然满足政府绩效审计会降低行政成本的假设;进一步分析中引入了财政支出效率进行影响机制分析,发现财政支出效率发挥了部分中介作用;经过DEA分析得到政府行政成本效益,发现多数省份处于低效状态。研究结论对于促进绩效审计有效性和降低政府行政成本具有一定的启示意义。     

交易费用与出租汽车政府规制模式选择--基于Q市个案的分析

作为共享经济在出租汽车领域的代表,网约车给人们带来了极大的便利,也给传统的政府规制模式带来了挑战。本文以Q市出租汽车规制为个案,剖析出租汽车政府规制不同模式的差异及其内在机制。基于规制的标准制定、控制机制及执法方式等要素上的差异,本文将Q市巡游车与网约车规制分别概括为科层规制与合作规制模式。通过对规制空间中不同行动者的交易费用分析,研究发现Q市传统巡游车规制存在高昂的市场型与管理型交易费用,所以采用科层规制模式;而面对新业态的网约车规制,政府对共享经济的倡导降低了政治型交易费用,信息技术的充分应用减少了市场型与管理型交易费用,因此选择了合作规制模式。但随之产生的政府与平台公司之间高昂的管理型交易费用,是出租汽车政府规制实践中需要重点关注的内容。