Differentiation within reciprocity: the European Union approach to preferential trade agreements

Recent statements on European Union (EU) trade policy towards developing countries (DCs) have stressed the need for differentiation between trading partners depending on their level of development. But what does this mean in practice? This article assesses the substance of EU trade policy towards a number of partners at different levels of development on the basis of the texts of recent preferential trade agreements (PTAs). It argues that EU PTA policy exhibits differentiation within a general shift towards reciprocity vis-à-vis DCs and that this needs to be assessed at the level of specific policy areas as much as partner country. It also suggests that the factors shaping EU policy vary from case to case with commercial competition and sector interests relatively more important in PTAs with emerging markets and high-income DCs and norms and institutional factors relatively more important in shaping those with least developed or low-income DCs.     

语言词与话语词

语言词和话语词有区别 ,应该加以区别 ,其重要区别是语言词意义的一般性和语话词意义的具体性或特指性、语言词意义的多重性和话语词意义的确定性、语言词意义的规约性和话语词意义的开放性等。区分语言词和话语词主要在词汇学、词典学、语法学以及修辞学领域有现实意义。     

社会流动中农村外出务工女性的阶层分化研究——以河南省为例

在我国工业化、城市化和市场化的进程中,农村外出务工女性群体成为了一个非常值得关注的新型群体。在社会流动过程中,绝大多数农村女性通过外出务工,实现了社会阶层的向上流动。她们的层次分化已经初步显现,但层次分布很不合理。为了促进农村外出务工女性合理进行阶层分化,需要从以下几方面进行努力：大力宣传社会性别平等文化,努力培育社会性别平等意识;加大对农村女性劳动力的教育培训力度,提高农村女性劳动力的就业能力;积极在农村发展多元化的托幼养老组织,解决农村已婚女性外出务工的后顾之忧;继续深化户籍制度改革,着力提升城市社会对务工女性的公共服务水平。     

Validation of LAB color mode as a nondestructive method to differentiate black ballpoint pen inks

Nondestructive digital processing methods such as lab color mode (available in Adobe Photoshop) are emerging as alternative methods for forensic document examiners to use when attempting to differentiate writing instrument inks. Although these techniques appear to be viable, little data currently exists regarding the known or potential error rates associated with these techniques. Without adequate data, the validity and reliability of these techniques, including lab color, can not be established. In an attempt to begin to address these issues, 44 black ballpoint ink pens were obtained and used to create 990 pen-pair samples for analysis using established lab color mode techniques. No erroneous findings of "different" were reported following the examination of the known pen-pair combinations in which the same pen was used to create the samples (n = 44). Of the remaining 946 samples, 737 pen-pair samples were differentiated using the lab color mode method, while 209 samples were unable to be differentiated and were recorded as either being "similar" (n = 153) or "unsure" (n = 56). Comparison of the lab color mode results with the results obtained through additional testing using traditional infrared reflectance and infrared luminescence test methods showed that lab color differentiated 102 pen-pair samples (11%; 102/946) that were not differentiated using a VSC-4C.     

An Evaluation of Pre-Kyoto Differentiation Proposals for National Greenhouse Gas Abatement Targets

Although the Kyoto Protocol has set a precedent for future climate negotiations, particularly with respect to differentiation of targets between countries, the current approach is likely to be insufficient as a foundation for future targets. A more systematic approach is deemed necessary to meet the challenges of negotiating new targets after 2012 as well as involving the USA and perhaps developing countries. We argue that better negotiation tools can be helpful in this regard. We thus present an overview of more systematic differentiation methods for national greenhouse gas reduction targets. We draw from the proposals that were submitted in the climate negotiations from 1995 to 1997 leading up to the Kyoto Protocol, the EU's Triptique approach for internal differentiation of targets, and three proposals discussed in the literature on fairness principles. The most promising and helpful proposals for future negotiations are given particular attention: the second proposal by Japan, the French proposal, the Norwegian proposal, the Brazilian proposal, and Triptique. A numerical illustration of the former three together with the Sovereignty, Egalitarian, and Ability to Pay fairness principles is provided. Using resemblance to the Kyoto Protocol to measure political feasibility, we find that the proposals rank in the order; (1) the second Japanese; (2) the French; (3) the Norwegian; (4) the Sovereignty; (5) the Ability to Pay; and (6) the Egalitarian, the last being particularly infeasible.     

论禁止歧视

歧视是指被法律禁止的、针对特定群体或个人实施的、其效果或目的在于对承认、享有和行使基本权利进行区别、排斥、限制或优待的任何不合理的措施,即歧视的表现形式是在相同的情况下无合理理由而恣意取消或损害特定群体或个人平等享有权利的任何区分、排除或选择的措施。法律禁止歧视的目的是对少数群体或具备该群体特征的个人基本权利的保护以实现法律的公正。禁止歧视与平等在本质上是一致的,因为平等并不反对任何差别,但却反对没有合理依据的区别对待。如果差别有正当的理由并且是为了实现合法目的,则不构成歧视而是法律许可的合理差别。     

大鼠神经干细胞的分离培养和分化

分离大鼠大脑皮质及皮质下组织 ,经消化及机械吹打后 ,用悬浮培养法、有限稀释法获得来源于同一细胞的亚细胞系克隆 ;用免疫细胞化学法鉴定神经干细胞 (NSCs)。结果 ,从大鼠大脑皮质及皮质下分离的组织 ,经原代和传代培养均可形成细胞克隆 ,并具有增殖能力 ;原代和传代细胞抗原与抗巢蛋白 (nestin)单克隆抗体反应呈阳性 ;单细胞克隆能分化成神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞。结果表明 ,用此方法分离的细胞具有自我更新和分化潜能 ,有很强的增殖能力 ,是属于中枢神经系统的干细胞。     

肝胆与脏腑气化关系探讨

肝胆在脏腑气化功能中起着重要作用。主要表现在五个方面；肝升肺降、治节有权，木敷心和、血运畅达，木疏土达、纳运如常，木和肾充、开合自如，木气疏调、三焦司职。     

干细胞的新来源——羊膜

为了给羊膜干细胞深入研究提供借鉴,介绍了羊膜的组织特点,综述了羊膜上皮干细胞及羊膜间充质干细胞的生物学特性及其诱导的潜能和鉴定方法,并对其在临床医学应用的前景进行了展望。提出羊膜组织来源的干细胞为干细胞的研究提供了新来源、新思路。     

用反转录─聚合酶链反应快速鉴别新城疫病毒

根据新城疫病毒基因结构特点及强、弱毒株Ｆ０ 裂解位点的序列差异设计２ 对引物,建立了快速诊断新城疫并能鉴别诊断新城疫强、弱毒株的反转录聚合酶链反应（ ＲＴＰＣＲ） 技术。试验表明,该方法具有快速特异和操作简便等特点,不仅适用于对鸡胚毒的检测,也适用于对病鸡组织匀浆液的检测,是新城疫鉴别诊断和流行病学调查的颇具潜力的分子诊断方法。