Ten methods for calculating the uncertainty of measurement

While forensic laboratories are coming under increasing pressure to provide meaningful estimates of measurement uncertainty, there has been little discussion of this topic in the literature. This article summarizes ten bases for estimating this parameter: (1) proficiency tests; (2) readability limits; (3) independent reference materials; (4) operational limits applied during calibration; (5) expert judgment; (6) precision control samples without (6) and with (7) contributions from extramural sources of error; (8) error budgets; (9) historical performance; and (10) ruggedness tests. Based on the assumptions underlying each approach, the forensic community will need to apply a variety of discipline-specific approaches to arrive at satisfactory estimates of measurement uncertainty.     

自动顶空GC/MS测定血液中乙醇含量不确定度评定

目的评定自动顶空—气相色谱—质谱法(GC/MS)测定血液中乙醇含量的不确定度。方法从分析测量过程着手,依据不确定度评定的指导性文件,分析了不确定度来源,量化不确定度分量,计算检测结果的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果血液样本两次测定结果平均值为0.738mg/mL的扩展不确定度为0.084mg/mL。结论血液中乙醇含量的不确定度主要来源于样品检测、乙醇标准溶液和标准曲线。     

顶空气相色谱内标法测定人血中乙醇含量的不确定度评定

目的建立顶空气相色谱内标法测定人血中乙醇含量的不确定度评定的方法。方法结合顸空法乙醇含量测定的全部过程,假设传播系数为1,则对产生不确定度的各分量因子进行分析计算与合成。结果不确定度因素的来源主要包含样品检测时产生的误差值、检测仪器的精密度、使用标准物质的标示值的不确定度和使用的量器、容量器皿等的不确定度。结论本评定方法得出检测的最大误差来自于两个平行样品检测时所产生的误差值。     

Multidimensional Bullying Victimization Scale: Development and validation

The prevalence of bullying has increased over the past decade and is a public health concern. Existing measures of bullying lack breadth and/or psychometric support, which may inaccurately represent current rates of bullying. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a psychometrically sound measure, the Multidimensional Bullying Victimization Scale (MBVS), to evaluate bullying in adolescents. An initial pool of items was generated and rated by 600 adolescents. Exploratory factor analyses yielded three factors—direct bulling, indirect bullying, and evaluative bullying. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on independent sample of 623 adolescents, supporting the original three-factor solution. Results indicate that the MBVS demonstrates good internal consistency, construct validity, and concurrent validity. The MBVS scores were significantly and positively correlated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The MBVS provides a reliable and valid assessment of adolescents’ experiences with bully victimization.     

刑法中的身份犯散论

身份犯是刑法学中的一个重要范畴 ,通过对各种观点的述评 ,认为 :身份犯是指刑法中具有一定身份的行为人才能构成的犯罪 ,或者具有一定身份的行为人实施某种犯罪予以从严或从宽处罚的情形。身份犯一般可分为纯正身份犯和不纯正身份犯两种 ,从我国现行刑法的规定来看 ,身份犯亦可分为自然人身份犯和单位身份犯。鉴于贪污贿赂犯罪是最为严重的一类身份犯罪 ,建议 :(1)协调贪污、受贿罪与盗窃、诈骗罪的定罪量刑数额标准 ;(2 )纠正贪污、受贿罪死刑适用标准过高的做法 ;(3)同时犯贪污、受贿二罪的 ,实行“二罪一罚” ;(4)提高巨额财产来源不明罪法定刑至死刑。     

论教育评价在教育中的作用

教育评价是对教育活动效果的价值上的判断,它以教育测量为基础。教育评价对于教育活动质量的提高,教育目标的实现有着重要的不可替代的作用。近年来我国教育评价工作取得了一些成绩,同时也存在一些主要问题,从而影响了我国教育改革的发展步伐。     

法益衡量中的事实还原运用——刑法解释的视角

法益衡量在刑法解释中具有确保法律合法化的重要价值,法益衡量对个罪保护法益的甄别、权衡与比较,必须借助事实还原来完成.事实还原立足于对刑法规范赖以建构的立法事实是否在客观上具有真实性、在规范上具有价值性或在法秩序上具有必要性的判断,以为法益衡量提供判断标准.刑法解释立足于法益衡量把法律代入充满个性的案件事实中,以之来检视...     

Putting the Cart before the Horse: Accountability or Performance?

Conventional wisdom argues that a good set of performance measures builds accountability and that improved accountability generates better productivity in the organisation. By way of an analysis of a case study in one inland Chinese county, this article shows that the assumed relationship between performance and accountability is more rhetoric than real. In practice, the implementation of performance measurement in local China leads to an accountability paradox, in which enhanced accountability tends to hinder the improvement of government productivity. The implementation of the Chinese target-based responsibility system risks boosting the short term accountability of public employees while undermining the long term productivity of government agencies. With the deepening of China's market-oriented reform, this choice appears to put the cart before the horse.     

论思想政治教育实效的客观考量

思想政治教育实效是思想政治教育实践活动取得的实际效果。实效是实践的客观效果、教育主体追求的目标、社会的期望。思想政治教育的实效需要客观考量。无论是实践的必然结果,还是实践追求的目标,抑或社会的期待和要求,都需要有一个客观的评价标准。思想政治教育实效考量标准的客观性：考量标准制定原则的客观性;考量的内容要具有客观性;考量方法的客观性;主观标准要具有客观性。     

用电子计算机图象处理方法测定人体体表损伤面积

本研究从应用出发，以摄像头和扫描仪作为输入源，用计算机Ｃ语言开发了对不规则形状的人体体表损伤面积的大小和灰度进行测定的应用软件。该软件具有操作简单、速度快和正确性好等特点。本研究工作的成果已初步应用于我所法医临床伤害鉴定的实践。