Dominance of pre-analytical over analytical variation for measurement of methadone and its main metabolite in postmortem femoral blood

On the basis of simultaneously sampled postmortem blood specimens from the left and right femoral veins the pre-analytical variation of methadone measurements was evaluated and compared to the analytical variation. The material consisted of a series of 27 duplicate samples from routine autopsy cases comprising mainly drug addicts. A chiral LC-MS/MS method was used for measurement of the R- and S-enantiomers of methadone and its main metabolite 2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolinium (EDDP). The analytical CV% was determined to be in the range 3-4% for methadone enantiomers and 4-6% for EDDP enantiomers. The total measurement uncertainty (CV(T)) was estimated from the pre-analytical variation (CV(PA)), analytical variation proper (CV(A)), and variation related to calibration (traceability) (CV(Cal)) according to the relationship CV(T) = [CV(2)(PA) + CV(2)(A) + CV(2)(cal)](0.5). Uncertainty related to calibration concerned a component related to the purity of drug reference compound and a contribution from the production of calibrator solutions (CV(Cal)<1%). Pre-analytical sampling variation was estimated from the duplicate measurements of blood samples after subtraction of the analytical component. The pre-analytical variation amounted to a CV% of 19-21% for R- and S-methadone and 30-38% for R- and S-EDDP, i.e. considerably larger than the other components. Due to the squared addition principle, the resulting total uncertainty (CV(T)) became largely identical to the CV(PA), i.e. 19-21% for R- and S-methadone and 31-38% for R- and S-EDDP enantiomers. Accordingly, CV(T) exceeded CV(A) by a factor 5 or more. Dominance of the pre-analytical component of variation may also be likely for other compounds measured in postmortem blood samples. Thus, the width of the 95%-uncertainty interval (+/-2CV(T)) for a postmortem measurement is largely determined by the pre-analytical component of variation. This should be kept in mind when judging on the uncertainty of postmortem measurement results.     

针刺联合生物反馈治疗盆底松弛型便秘疗效观察

目的 观察针刺联合生物反馈治疗盆底松弛型便秘的临床疗效。方法 将60例盆底松弛型便秘患者随机分为研究组和对照组。研究组30例,采用生物反馈疗法联合针刺支沟、大肠俞、肾俞、长强、天枢、八髎等穴位;对照组30例,仅予以生物反馈治疗。治疗前和治疗至少1个疗程后,分别进行临床症状评分、肛管压力测定和Glazer评估。结果 两组便秘疗效比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,研究组便秘疗效明显优于对照组。在降低排便费力、排便间隔、肛门直肠阻塞感积分,升高肛门直肠最大收缩压和最大耐受量,以及升高盆底表面肌的快速收缩值、耐受测试值及持续收缩值方面,研究组均明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 针刺联合生物反馈治疗对盆底松弛型便秘疗效确切。     

肝豆状核变性肝纤维化程度与中医证型相关性研究

目的 基于二维超声剪切波测量联合血清肝纤维化和肝功能指标,探讨肝豆状核变性（hepatolenticular degeneration,HLD）患者中医证型与肝纤维化程度的相关性。方法 将89例HLD患者根据中医临床辨证分型分为痰瘀互结组（44例）、湿热内蕴组（33例）、肝肾阴虚组（12例）。比较二维超声剪切波测量指标和血清肝纤维化指标\[透明质酸酶（hyaluronidase,HA）、层黏连蛋白、Ⅳ型胶原、Ⅲ型前胶原N端肽\]、肝功能指标（血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素）水平,并进行相关性分析。结果 3组患者门静脉内径比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与痰瘀互结组比较,湿热内蕴和肝肾阴虚组剪切波速度均显著降低（P＜0.05）;与湿热内蕴组比较,肝肾阴虚组剪切波速度显著降低（P＜0.05）,脂肪衰减系数显著减小（P＜0.05）。与痰瘀互结组比较,肝肾阴虚组HA水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,其他生化指标各证型组之间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。3种证型患者剪切波速度与HA存在正相关（P＜0.05）。鉴别痰瘀互结证与湿热内蕴证、痰瘀互结证与肝肾阴虚证时,以剪切波速度的诊断价值最高;鉴别湿热内蕴证与肝肾阴虚证时,以脂肪衰减系数的诊断价值最高。结论 HLD的肝肾阴虚、湿热内蕴、痰瘀互结证型中的肝纤维化程度存在显著差异,以痰瘀互结证的肝纤维化程度更明显,与剪切波速度、脂肪衰减系数、HA密切相关。     

PROJECTED OFFENDING AND CONTEMPORANEOUS RULE‐VIOLATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR HETEROTYPIC CONTINUITY*

This study integrated two methodologies, the vignette‐based survey and the randomized laboratory experiment, to investigate the relationship between projected and actual offending behavior. Findings indicate that respondents' estimates of the likelihood they would drive drunk in a hypothetical vignette were positively correlated with whether they simultaneously cheated on a laboratory task to earn a cash bonus. Implications are discussed for both the prospective measurement and heterotypic continuity of criminal and antisocial behavior.     

网络政治参与行为的政治心理机制分析——基于项目反应理论的测量

项目反应理论可以更加科学地测量权利观、权威观等复杂的政治心理概念,探析网络政治参与的政治心理机制。可能影响网络政治参与的政治心理包括基础价值、宏观制度感知和具体行为感知,前两者反映网络政治参与“心理型视角”的解释机制,具体行为感知反映“工具型视角”的解释机制。网民的公正感、权威感、国家认同影响公民的网络政治参与,具体行为感知的影响则不显著。网络政治参与行为更多受到“心理型视角”的要素影响。对于网络政治参与的引导和规范,政府不仅需要大力发展电子政务,提供更便捷的技术平台,还需要加强公民政治教育,规范网络政治参与行为。     

论正义观对犯罪人刑事责任的影响——以正义观内涵的非恒定性为视角

社会关系决定下的正义具有主观性、具体性和变动性等特征,它在一个社会立法、司法、执法全过程中起着根本的指导作用,并直接决定着对法律的解释和对事实的认定,决定着定罪和量刑。正视正义的动态特征,对于正确处理案件,实现社会利益的平衡具有重要理论和现实意义。     

试论新闻监督负面效应的表现与防治

新闻监督是公众通过新闻媒体施行的舆论监督 ,是舆论监督中最具影响力的社会监督方式。开展新闻监督应慎之又慎 ,以避免产生负面效应 ,带来消极的社会影响和政治影响。     

氢化物原子荧光法测定人发中砷含量的不确定度评定

目的评定氢化物原子荧光法测定人发中砷含量的不确定度。方法以人发标准样品为分析对象,依据化学分析中不确定度的评估指南等指导性文件,分析测定过程中砷含量测定值（C）、样品处理后的总体积（V）、样品称量值（m）以及重复测量（rep）等多个不确定度分量,计算检测结果的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果本文方法测定人发中砷含量的不确定度评定结果为：人发样品中砷的含量为（0.57±0.06）mg/kg,置信概率（p）=95%,自由度（υeff）=4。结论本文方法测量不确定度的主要来源是重复性和校准曲线,测定结果在标准物质给出的含量范围之内。     

Evaluation and Social Impact Measurement Amongst Small to Medium Social Enterprises: Process,Purpose and Value

In recent years, the imperative to communicate organisational impacts to a variety of stakeholders has gained increasing importance within all sectors. Despite growing external demands for evaluation and social impact measurement, there has been limited critically informed analysis about the presumed importance of these activities to organisational success and the practical challenges faced by organisations in undertaking such assessment. In this paper, we present the findings from an action research study of five Australian small to medium social enterprises’ practices and use of evaluation and social impact analysis. Our findings have implications for social enterprise operators, policy makers and social investors regarding when, why and at what level these activities contribute to organisational performance and the fulfilment of mission.     

论犯罪测量量具及其标准化

犯罪测量是犯罪学的重要课题。,近年来西方犯罪学发展缓慢,原因就在于测量量具缺乏标准化。测量量具不标准不利于犯罪学核心概念的精确,不利于实证研究的比较,不利于理论与实证互动,不利于研究成果的累积与转化。对于初学实证的我国犯罪学界,普及量具标准化意识有独特的意义。犯罪学测量量具标准化有利于西方犯罪学理论的中国化和我国本土犯罪学理论的验证。量具标准化不会影响犯罪学的多元比较,它是灵活的、发展的,不是固定的、模式化的。量具标准化不是一劳永逸的,它需要定期评估。