中国少数民族文化权利宪法保障之缺失与完善

从新中国宪法发展的历程来看,国家非常重视对少数民族文化权利的尊重、保护和实现。但现行宪法仍存在未将保障少数民族文化权利确认为原则,对少数民族文化权利范围确认过窄,同时,对国家尊重、保护和实现少数民族文化权利的义务规定过少,也缺乏对少数民族文化权利进行有效救济的途径等。因此,需要将保障少数民族文化权利确认为宪法原则,扩大少数民族文化权利的范围和国家尊重、保护和实现少数民族文化权利的义务范围,并完善违宪审查制度等。     

平等规范的审查标准与立法者的裁量余地——以德美两国为例

无论在大陆法系的德国,还是英美法系的美国,平等规范都是司法审查最为借重的依据之一。但是,由于平等规范与其它宪法规范相比更为抽象和空洞,它的具体适用问题也更显复杂。实践中,德美两国各自发展出了完全不同的审查标准去适应“平等”判断的要求。由于立法者的裁量余地是其所共同面对的问题,它构成了贯穿平等规范审查标准理论发展的一条线索,是从理论上澄清平等原则审查标准之原委所不可逾越的部分。因此,有必要从立法者的裁量余地入手,对德美两国的不同审查标准进行比较分析,借助“原则”理论,从立法者裁量余地变化的原因的角度,对审查标准背后的运作机理进行解读。     

从现实到虚拟:计算机侵入禁止规范的构成及适用——兼论计算机同意

计算机侵入禁止源自于传统的侵入禁止规范。在大数据、云计算、cookies技术的背景下,该罪构成要件要素的"访问",应采最广义的发送信息说,主要应由"未经授权"限制该禁止规范。由于互联网协议已明确规定网络具有开放性,所以,计算机同意通常等同于机主同意。当计算机不使用公共域名或者使用第三方软件为用户访问设置了现实障碍时,被告人使用第三方软件或者规避认证制度而进行的访问,会被视为是事实欺诈,计算机同意因有别于机主同意而无效,行为构成未经授权的访问。越权访问实际上是违约行为,即使其构成欺诈,但由于计算机产生认识错误的对象通常并非是访问行为本身,而是其回报或者意义,所以,被害人同意仍然有效。这也是刑法原则上不干预违约行为的规范原因。然而,当违约行为违反预期功能、义务冲突和合理预期等标准,而动摇了同意的基础时,则会使其由诱因欺诈变成事实欺诈,被害人同意无效,行为通常会构成犯罪。     

Judging politicians: The role of political attentiveness in shaping how people evaluate the ethical behaviour of their leaders

Political theorists have developed well‐defined normative understandings of what constitutes ethical political conduct. Based on democratic theory as well as the demands of practical politics, these understandings prescribe certain types of behaviour and proscribe other types. However, it is unclear to what extent this normative framework has resonance for ordinary citizens. This article demonstrates that attention to politics tends to increase the resonance of this normative framework. The analysis identifies three norms about the holding of public office that are expected to structure citizens' ethical judgments: the avoidance of conflicts of interest; conformity with the law or institutional rules; and the maximisation of the public good. The article assesses the importance of these norms in structuring judgments by means of an experiment embedded in a population survey conducted in Great Britain. The analysis finds that informational cues pertaining to conflict‐of‐interest avoidance only condition responses among the attentive, while information pertaining to law conformity has far wider resonance. This finding has implications for approaches to political ethics focusing on normative considerations that appear to have low salience for much of the general public.     

Japan and identity change: why it matters in International Relations

Abstract

Two approaches to identity have been employed to explore issues in Japan's international relations. One views identity as constituted by domestic norms and culture, and as constitutive of interests, which in turn cause behaviour. Proponents view Japan's ‘pacifist’ and ‘antimilitarist’ identity as inherently stable and likely to change only as a result of material factors. In the other approach, ‘Japan’ emerges and changes through processes of differentiation vis-à-vis ‘Others’. Neither ‘domestic’ nor ‘material’ factors can exist outside of such identity constructions. We argue that the second, relational, approach is more theoretically sound, but begs three questions. First, how can different identity constructions in relation to numerous Others be synthesised and understood comprehensively? Second, how can continuity and change be handled in the same relational framework? Third, what is the point of analysing identity in relational terms? This article addresses the first two questions by introducing an analytical framework consisting of three mutually interacting layers of identity construction. Based on the articles in this special issue, we argue that identity entrepreneurs and emotions are particularly likely to contribute to change within this model. We address the third question by stressing common ground with the first approach: identity enables and constrains behaviour. In the case of Japan, changes in identity construction highlighted by the articles in this special issue forebode a political agenda centred on strengthening Japan militarily.     

国家治理现代化视阈下的法律、道德与组织规范关系

国家治理现代化须以系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的规范体系为基础。而法律、道德和"组织规范"共同构成现代社会的规范体系。因而,高度重视"组织规范"并正确处理好它与法律道德的关系,就显得十分重要。"组织规范"具有民间性、自主和自治性,有权制定并实施"组织规范",约束组织本身及其成员的相关行为。这些"组织规范"上承法律下接道德,但又不是照抄照搬,而是依"法无禁止即可为"原则独立存在。在中国继续深化改革和努力实现国家治理现代化的背景下,有必要重新认识三大基础规范的关系,从而有效发挥"组织规范"的作用,构建良好社会秩序。     

Norms,Behavioral Compliance,and Status Attribution in International Politics

Extant work on status attribution has largely focused on major powers or state capabilities as key explanatory factors driving these social processes and suggests that status considerations increase conflicts between states. We argue for a more comprehensive approach to status attribution that considers international norms as another major factor that is weighed in the attribution process. We contend that states (policymakers) evaluate one another not only on the basis of economic and military capabilities but also on the extent to which there is behavioral conformance with normative expectations and reward one another dependent upon whether these expectations are met. However, this attribution of status is dependent upon the level of contestation pertaining to that norm. Using a data set that assesses consistency with six different norms (resource transference, multilateralism, economic liberalism, democratic governance, respect for human rights, and peaceful dispute resolution), we find that status attribution is associated with norm-consistent behavior but only when these norms are uncontested at the global level.     

刑法解释的常识化

条文解释的常识化和学理研究的经验化,是我国刑法学发展过程中出现的一个显著特点。刑法学中的所谓“常识化”大致有两种不同的表述形式:一是刑法解释上的“公众认同”,二是所谓的“社会相当性”。刑法解释常识化是实现法律认识统一性的基础,是实现刑法公正与效率有机结合的重要条件,也是实现刑法目的的重要手段。但是,运用常识化方法解决法律适用问题,必须面对的问题是如何协调该方法中内在的矛盾关系,即常识与专业之间的关系、科学解释与效力解释之间的关系。在我国目前的刑法解释中,需要走出将生活常识等同于专业知识、以感性经验替代科学理论的误区。     

关于网络法基本问题的阐释

网络行为规范主要由技术规范和非技术规范两大类构成。前者属国际性自律规范 ,后者主要包括技术性法律规范和网络社区法律规范。网络法的核心在于技术性法律规范 ,其基本价值应与网络技术规范的特征相一致 ,以求最大限度地促进网络互联和信息共享。在制订与网络相关的法律制度时 ,应考虑如下几项原则 :两类规范间相互协调与促进 ,具有可操作性 ,兼顾全球趋同性 ,他律与自律相结合。     

程序规范的解释:范畴、理念与方法

民事诉讼程序规范存在着解释的必要性。程序法定与程序自由、强行程序规范与任意程序规范、禁止任意诉讼原则与诉讼契约、法官的程序控制权与当事人的程序选择权等范畴是法院解释诉讼程序规范过程中必须斟酌的内容。对程序规范进行解释须以宪法规范和民事诉讼目的为出发点 ,以诉讼基本原则作为解释的基本框架。诉讼程序规范的解释方法有语义解释、体系解释、目的解释、诚信解释等。