Context Matters: Reactive and Proactive Bystander Action to Prevent Sexual and Dating Violence in High Schools

ABSTRACT

Given high rates of relationship violence among adolescents, there is a need to understand variables that influence adolescents’ helping behaviors to reduce risk for dating and sexual violence (reactive) and promote prevention before violence happens or risk factors are evident (proactive). The current paper examined individual and school variables related to greater actionism in a large sample of high school students. Baseline, cross-sectional data used in the current analyses were gathered before intervention as part of a prevention program evaluation across 25 high schools in New England from students in grades 9–12 (N= 3,404). Students who self-reported a greater number of proactive actions taken were students who identified as sexual minorities, had a history of victimization, and were in schools with supportive peer norms. The current findings suggest a model for prevention that might include training individuals and attending to school level variables.     

No humanitarian intervention in Asian genocides: how possible and legitimate?

Abstract

This article addresses an important empirical puzzle: why has the United States, without exception, chosen not to intervene in the six humanitarian catastrophes in post-war Asia, namely in Indonesia, East Pakistan/Bangladesh, Cambodia, East Timor, Sri Lanka and Myanmar? We use an eclectic approach that blends arguments about the international normative structure and geostrategic interests to examine what has made the absence of humanitarian intervention in Asia by the US possible and legitimate. Specifically, we focus on the paradox between calls for humanitarian intervention and the historically and geographically contingent social construction of the norms of humanity, national sovereignty and United Nations-backed multilateralism in conjunction with US and Chinese concerns over their regional geostrategic interests. The normative narratives about race, ‘communists’, ‘terrorists’, international order and inclusive multilateral processes, and the geostrategic interests of the US and China, combine to make non-intervention possible and legitimate.     

论我国电子商务安全立法的四种规范

国际上没有一个国家能够确保电子商务活动的安全,我国对网络及网上交易的立法也不完善。但人们一般都混淆系统及网络管理规定与电子商务安全规范的概念,认为我国已经建立起完备的电子商务安全法律体系。本文对此提出质疑,并在分析我国电子商务发展及立法状况的基础上,论述了电子商务安全立法在运作、认证、结算及法律责任等方面的四种规范,提出了相应的改进意见。     

Perverse Effects of Unfulfilled Norms: A Look at the Roots of Favoritism

In four experiments, 120 subjects had to judge and reward the performance of players in a game. When no player fulfilled the norm of the game, subjects gave rewards arbitrarily or favored their friends among the players; when some players fulfilled the norm of the game, subjects made fair judgments, rewarding the players who fulfilled the norm, and they did not favor their friends. These findings suggest that research on in-group favoritism should include a serious discussion of the formal norms that regulate people's decisions when they have to allocate rewards.     

Researching norms,narratives, and transitional justice: focus group methodology in post-conflict Croatia

This article is based on the assumption that norms can help better understand one of the expressivist aims of transitional justice, that of building a new narrative about the past. The main argument is that focus groups, as an interactive method of inquiry, are well suited to investigating how this “judicial” narrative interacts with the official and dominant war narrative in Croatia. Focus groups are more adept at this than other methodological approaches since they can effectively reflect independence of opinion; they lead to more truthful answers through spontaneity; they effectively probe taken-for-granted concepts; and they can more easily overcome distrust in post-conflict societies, especially with ex-combatants. The approach faces new challenges in such a situation since recruitment problems, insider/outsider status, and post-traumatic stress disorder, among other ethical concerns, present problems that often arise due to the group process. The powerful and unpredictable effect of the group dynamic can, therefore, provide a deep exploration of social norms, but it can also cause significant upset among participants. In this instance the methodology explores how widely accepted the war narrative is, how it is constructed, and how important the public believes it is not to question it.     

法律行为的效力依据

法律行为的效力依据一直就是法律行为理论中较有争议的话题。在长期的发展中形成了意思说、信赖说、折衷说、规范说等观点,这些观点从不同的角度论述了法律行为的效力依据,但也有明显的不足之处。法律行为的效力依据是意思与法律规范的结合,行为主体按照自己的意思,使自己的行为符合法律关于法律行为的成立和生效要件,从而使之产生法律行为的效力。     

美国宪政精神下的表达自由--以焚烧国旗案为例

表达自由作为一种基本人权形式、公民宪法权利和政治自由,对于一国的宪政建设具有重要的意义。本文以美国司法史上发生的国旗焚烧案为例,通过对著名法官相关判决的研究,从司法实践的视角对表达自由的概念内涵和理论辩争作了初步的探讨。进而从宪政理念的维度对宪政精神与表达自由的关系进行了剖析,希图为表达自由的研究提供一种新的视角和进路。     

马克思恩格斯婚姻家庭规范思想初探

马克思恩格斯的婚姻家庭规范思想建立在科学的唯物史观的理论基础之上,认为婚姻家庭规范与社会经济发展相适应,它们会随着社会经济结构的变化而变化。婚姻家庭规范的制订以尊重自然规律和社会规律为前提,同时又体现出人的主观意志。资本主义社会的婚姻家庭规范是对婚姻自由的桎梏,而社会主义公有制的经济之下的婚姻家庭规范才是真正体现和保障婚姻自由的合理的好的规范。     

土家族习惯法文化探析

土家族习惯法文化是土家族长期生产生活积累所成,虽然没有形成全面系统的法治思想和法律制度,在民间仍然产生了若干经验性的法治观念,族规家法,民约民规。它对土家族人在精神上、心理上和观念上具有强烈的亲切感和认同感。是一种重要的法文化本土资源,是支撑土家族习惯法存在的精神理念。     

Risk and protective factors of delinquency that are sensitive to migration and culture

ABSTRACT

Present evidence regarding widely used risk assessment tools suggests that such tools may have inferior predictive validity for offenders with a migration background (MB), especially from Turkey and Arab countries. Based on a thorough literature review, we investigated additional risk and protective factors via a postdictive correlational study design. We assumed that delinquency is induced by discrimination, a conflict of values, norms of honour, a disapproval of sexual self-determination, and antisemitism. In contrast, we expected social support to diminish the risk of criminal behaviour. The sampling took place inside and outside prison, where adult men with an Arab or Turkish MB (n?=?140) filled out a questionnaire. Individual norms of honour (r?=?.27?.41), antisemitism (r?=?.31?.37), and a disapproval of sexual self-determination (r?=?.23?.26) were positively correlated with delinquency. The best predictor was the individual’s perception of friends’ norms of honour (r?=?.34?.56). However, only a few significant correlations were found for a perception of individual discrimination (r?=?.08?.14) and an internal conflict of values (r?=?.11?.15), whereas global discrimination (r?=?.20?.29) clearly emerged as a risk factor for delinquency. Social support by nondelinquent peers could be confirmed as having a protective influence against delinquency (r=?.25?.27). Theoretical and practical implications for risk assessment are discussed.