Global principles for sustainable biofuel production and trade

This article examines international attempts to regulate the production of and trade in biofuels by establishing criteria and indicators and certification schemes. It focuses on the norms underlying the criteria and the community constructed on the basis of them. The theoretical approach here rests on a discussion of these norms and on their constitutive role. This role creates a community and gives an institutional basis for the global public domain. Accordingly, different norms create the network on which environmental governance is based. It is assumed that commonly accepted criteria form a common norm. The article analyses eleven criteria and indicator systems and compares the criteria adopted. Eight were created for biofuels and bioenergy and three are used in forest certification. Comparison reveals that the criterion aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is used in Northern systems, whereas commonly accepted environmental criteria are biodiversity and minimization of pollution. The web of norms on which biofuel production and trade is based comprises environmental norms together with the general norm of sovereignty and the norms of the market economy.

鼓楼——侗族习惯法规范订立与实施的文化场域

在湘黔桂三省居住的侗族几乎每村都有鼓楼,它建筑华美,秀丽多姿。鼓楼从形态上可以从“树居”中窥其源头,后来修建杉树形状的鼓楼,作为公共活动场所。更重要的是鼓楼作为民主议事和制定“约法款”的场所以及寨老处理民事纠纷,当众评判是非,裁夺断案的场所,在鼓楼这种侗族文化场域中建构了本民族独特的口承法律文化系统,这种建筑文化与制度文化的完美结合在西南少数民族中极为罕见。     

法律原则核心问题论辩

法律原则理论主要包括法律原则规范属性理论、法律原则区分理论以及法律原则适用理论三个部分。法律原则在规范评价与事实描述两个层面上均作为有效的规范类型存在,它与法律规则作为两大构成要素并存于法律规范之中,它们之间的差异是逻辑性的而不是程度上的,但两者的关键区分在于法律原则无法像法律规则那样被承认规则所鉴别。法律原则不可以直接适用于具体个案,只能在符合形式限定与实质限定的条件下发挥其规范作用。对于我国许多学者基于实用主义偏好而热衷的法律原则适用理论,我们需要保持一种前提性的反思,有意识地进行语境置换,以便更好地把握法律原则的意涵。     

The Social Side of Sanctions: Personal and Social Norms as Moderators of Deterrence

In a survey of Australian citizens (valid N = 1,406), personal and social norms were found to moderate effects of deterrence on tax evasion. Personal, internalized norms of tax honesty were negatively related to tax evasion and moderated the effects of deterrence variables (i.e., sanction severity), suggesting deterrence effects only when individual ethics were weak. Perceived social norms, beyond those internalized as personal norms, were not directly related to tax evasion but moderated the effects of sanction severity. Only when social norms were seen as strongly in favor of tax honesty was sanction severity negatively related to tax evasion. This result held only for respondents who did not identify strongly as Australians. Hence, when internalized, norms delimit effects of deterrence; when considered external to one's self norms boost deterrence effects, giving social meaning to formal sanctions.     

司法裁判中法律事实与法律规范的关系

目前,学界关于司法裁判中法律事实与法律规范关系的论述,可以概括为以下四种推论关系、归类与涵摄关系、等置关系、评价关系。这四种方法在司法判决中各有其作用,但是学者们往往各执一端,将四者割裂开来。而实际上,逻辑推论关系确保了推理形式的正确性,而价值评价则保障了推理的实质合理性,归类与涵摄关系重点关注的是法律推理大小前提如何结合的问题,而等置关系似乎可以作为衡量归类或涵摄是否妥当的一个检测器。司法裁判中将四者有机结合起来,才能保证判决的合法性。     

法官如何对待民间规范？——“顶盆过继案”的法理解读

从法文化的视角看,民间规范具有一定的法律属性。而从法律方法论的视角看,它仅仅具有某种意义上的准法律属性或前法律属性。是否拥有法律属性,尚需法官按照法治的原则和法律方法论的标准来决定。法官必须遵循制定法用尽原则和规则稳定性、体系融贯性、社会一致性等方法论标准,以此来确定是否需要通过司法裁判的方式将某一民间规范纳入到国家法之中。     

The growth and gaps of genetic data sharing policies in the United States

The 1996 Bermuda Principles launched a new era in data sharing, reflecting a growing belief that the rapid public dissemination of research data was crucial to scientific progress in genetics. A historical review of data sharing policies in the field of genetics and genomics reflects changing scientific norms and evolving views of genomic data, particularly related to human subjects’ protections and privacy concerns. The 2013 NIH Draft Genomic Data Sharing (GDS) Policy incorporates the most significant protections and guidelines to date. The GDS Policy, however, will face difficult challenges ahead as geneticists seek to balance the very real concerns of research participants and the scientific norms that propel research forward. This article provides a novel evaluation of genetic and GDS policies’ treatment of human subjects’ protections. The article examines not only the policies, but also some of the most pertinent scientific, legal, and regulatory developments that occurred alongside data sharing policies. This historical perspective highlights the challenges that future data sharing policies, including the recently disseminated NIH GDS Draft Policy, will encounter.     

加快慈善立法，解决慈善事业面临的问题

我国慈善事业发展很快的同时,慈善机构在运行过程中遇到很多问题,对现有的法律法规提出了挑战。通过立法明确慈善组织的性质、活动程序、活动的监督机制等,使政府、捐赠者与接受者各方的权利义务都有明确的规定和保障,发挥法律的指引功能,使慈善机构运行更加规范,不仅必要而且紧迫。     

开展应用性技术教育的探索与实践

北京联合大学信息学院成人高等教育开展应用性技术教育的实践工作,探索了成人高等教育的定位调整和教育方式、教学内容的改革.高校应依据行业规范,树立为社会、为企业、为学生服务的意识,培养社会急需的应用型人才.     

推动工会工作高质量发展的重要法治保障——《工会法》修改解读

《工会法》是我国法律体系中一部重要的法律,2021年《工会法》进行了第三次修改。《工会法》的修改是一项重要的政治任务,此次修法坚持“小修”的思路,体现了依法修法、民主修法的原则。《工会法》修改的主要内容包括：进一步明确了中国工会的政治属性,突出坚持党的领导;落实党对工会改革的新要求,为扩大基层工会覆盖面提供法律依据,明确新就业形态劳动者参加和组织工会的权利;将习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想确立为工会工作的指导思想;完善工会基本职责;增加工会推动产业工人队伍建设改革的条款;等等。修改后的《工会法》为新时代工运事业和工会工作的创新发展提供了根本遵循,为坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义工会发展道路提供了法治保障。