俄罗斯石油公司发展历程及其与中国石油合作

俄罗斯石油公司是俄罗斯最大的国有石油公司。2012年末,它以560亿美元收购秋明—BP石油公司,预计交易在2013年上半年完成。完成收购后,俄罗斯石油公司即晋升为在产量和资源储量上全球最大的石油公司。此次收购将对俄罗斯乃至世界能源行业产生深远影响,并将促进中俄能源合作的开展。     

公安边防反恐情报工作的SWOT分析

恐怖犯罪是威胁我国社会稳定的一个不可忽视的因素。反恐情报工作是反恐工作的重中之重,因此提高公安边防部队反恐情报工作的水平直接关系到整个反恐工作的成败。文章将SWOT分析方法应用于公安边防反恐情报工作,发现当前工作的优缺点,最大限度地发挥优势,避免不利因素带来的影响。     

Oil Spill Causation and the Deepwater Horizon Spill

The April 20, 2010, BP Deepwater Horizon blowout riveted citizen and elected officials' attention on coastal oil spills in ways not seen since the ill‐fated 1989 Exxon Valdez crisis. A commonly voiced lament included why was the tragedy not prevented? Why the seemingly poor safety practices and who is to blame? Could a spill of such catastrophic proportion happen elsewhere in the future? Applying a spill prevention causation framework developed through the examination of other major near‐shore incidents over a 23‐year period, the author finds Deepwater Horizon exhibited a pattern of shortcomings evident in these other spills. These shortcomings are rooted in policy imperfections, a weak regulatory regime, organizational deviance in lieu of integrity, and interorganizational structure deficiencies.     

Understanding institutional change: Fiscal management in Local China

As China's economy continues to grow, it wants to expand its markets and secure reliable supplies of resources in support of its economic development. Resource diplomacy therefore becomes a prominent feature of its modernisation diplomacy. In turn, many African governments perceive political and economic ties with China to be an important asset, which strengthens their international bargaining power, especially vis-à-vis Western governments. African countries are also depicted as China's reliable political and economic partners, though one can hardly afford to be optimistic regarding Africa's peace and development in the future. Many small African governments have been switching diplomatic recognition between Taipei and Beijing for economic assistance too. Chinese leaders have no intention of engaging in diplomatic and strategic competition with the USA and the European Union in Africa, but they certainly will not co-operate with Western governments in helping Africa because they want to push for multipolarity.     

Russia's energy governance transitions and implications for enhanced cooperation with China,Japan, and South Korea

A Tokyo-based economist and a noted western economic geographer, both specializing in the hydrocarbon resources of Russia, apply the framework of governance studies in an effort to gain a deeper understanding of the recent changes in the country's energy policy-making. The authors argue that, unlike the international relations paradigm prevailing in studies of Russia's energy policy, the country's multiple roles in the international energy arena (as producer, consumer, exporter, importer, and transit state) warrant a more nuanced approach, reflecting Russian energy policy's flexibility over time and diversity across space. This paper endeavors, therefore, to apply a political economy and governance perspective to an understanding of the significant changes in Russia's energy policy-making regarding its dynamic energy relations with the Northeast Asia (NEA; China, Japan, and South Korea). In exploring the complex interactions between Russia's internal energy policy-making and its emerging energy relations in NEA, the authors addresses three key questions, namely: (1) how Russia's Asian energy policy corresponds to its domestic needs, (2) how much coherence in energy governance and cooperation exists between Russia and the Northeast Asian states at the institutional and organizational levels, and (3) the extent to which Russia's expectations for increased energy cooperation with the Northeast Asian states are likely to materialize.     

The Political Economy of National Debt Burdens, 1970–2000

Why did developing country governments find themselves mired in high debt by the end of the twentieth century? This paper develops a theoretical framework to understand the relationship between political institutions, resource wealth, and debt burdens. Hypotheses generated are tested on a time-series cross-section data set of developing countries from 1970–2000. Three main findings are reported: oil wealth has a positive relationship with debt; this relationship is weakly conditional on the country's regime type; and the relationship is independent of general commodity price volatility. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of this research for our understanding of the ‘resource curse.’     

白鸡屎藤挥发油抗肠炎沙门菌内毒素作用的分析

为了探讨白鸡屎藤挥发油抗肠炎沙门菌内毒素的作用,将420只7日龄三黄鸡随机分成A、B、C、D、E、F组并对A、B、C组鸡按100μg/mL(1mL)预防用药,在12日龄时对A、B、D、E组口服肠炎沙门菌攻毒,攻毒24h后对A、D组按100μg/mL白鸡屎藤挥发油1mL进行滴鼻给药治疗,同时将不同质量浓度的白鸡屎藤挥发油与内毒素混合对另外90只雏鸡进行肌肉注射攻毒,并进行试验鸡与攻毒鸡临床死亡情况统计、病理组织学观察和肝与血液生化指标测定。结果显示,白鸡屎藤挥发油对肠炎沙门菌内毒素具有灭活作用,可缓解血清ALT和AST活性的升高或使其降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),提升肝及血清中SOD的活性(P<0.01或P<0.05),使肝中MDA含量下降和延缓其升高。结果表明,白鸡屎藤挥发油具有抗肠炎沙门菌内毒素的作用,其机理与其保肝作用和抗氧化损伤作用有关。     

水域污染损害有关监测及评估鉴定问题

针对油污对海洋环境造成的生态损害和渔业资源损失索赔的实务问题,采用法定监测机构作出专业监测评估报告,为损害索赔提供技术依据的方法,从监测报告的特性、内容及其监测的方法,分析得出专业监测报告属于民事诉讼证据中的＂鉴定结论＂,应当作为认定损害的依据,并提出渔业主管部门对渔业资源损害的调查权和代表国家行使渔业资源损失的索赔权并存时并无利害关系的观点。     

论受害人对船舶油污责任保险人的直接请求权——兼谈《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》第97条的立法完善

在船舶油污损害赔偿领域设置保险和保证赔偿制度是保护受害人充分赔偿的需要,也是特殊侵权损害赔偿制度发展的必然。船舶油污责任保险具有适用范围特定性以及保险的强制性等特点。船舶油污损害赔偿公约体系确立了受害人对油污责任保险人或保证人的直接诉讼制度,但有着特定的适用范围,并赋予了保险人较为宽泛的抗辩事由。《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》借鉴国际公约,确立了受害人对油污责任保险人的诉讼制度,但由于缺乏配套制度,实践中该制度的适用比较混乱。建议中国建立以油污强制责任保险制度为核心的船舶油污责任制度,明定责任保险人直接被诉的情形,以及在直接被诉情形下的抗辩事由,同时明确责任保险人承担责任的形式等。     

Variation of δ2H, δ18O & δ13C in crude palm oil from different regions in Malaysia: Potential of stable isotope signatures as a key traceability parameter

A total of 33 crude palm oil samples were randomly collected from different regions in Malaysia. Stable carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C) was determined using Flash 2000 elemental analyzer while hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) were analyzed by Thermo Finnigan TC/EA, wherein both instruments were coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The bulk δ²H, δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of the samples were analyzed by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). Unsupervised HCA and PCA methods have demonstrated that crude palm oil samples were grouped into clusters according to respective state. A predictive model was constructed by supervised OPLS-DA with good predictive power of 52.60%. Robustness of the predictive model was validated with overall accuracy of 71.43%. Blind test samples were correctly assigned to their respective cluster except for samples from southern region. δ¹⁸O was proposed as the promising discriminatory marker for discerning crude palm oil samples obtained from different regions. Stable isotopes profile was proven to be useful for origin traceability of crude palm oil samples at a narrower geographical area, i.e. based on regions in Malaysia. Predictive power and accuracy of the predictive model was expected to improve with the increase in sample size. Conclusively, the results in this study has fulfilled the main objective of this work where the simple approach of combining stable isotope analysis with chemometrics can be used to discriminate crude palm oil samples obtained from different regions in Malaysia. Overall, this study shows the feasibility of this approach to be used as a traceability assessment of crude palm oils.