Federalism and Governability in Brazil: Oil Royalties in Dispute

This article discusses the relationship between governability and federalism in Brazil, analysing the dispute among Brazilian states for oil royalties. This conflict features an unusual pattern in federal legislative voting, leading to regional alignment, rather than the usual party political configuration. This study explains the phenomenon by showing how this organisation makes it possible to align the preferences of national party leaders, regional party leaders, parliamentarians, and each state's voters. The political influence of governors and mayors is also underlined, and the Union's role in the process is described in detail.     

新国家安全视野下边疆民族地区基层政权建设探析

改革开放以来,政治体制改革领域基层政权组织向简政放权减负的方向发展.边疆民族地区由于特殊的地理位置、自然环境、民族宗教以及落后的经济面貌,基层政权的作用与任务十分突出,同时自身的建设能力又非常薄弱.因此要对边疆民族地区基层政权建设的基础性、强化性和发展性等多方面进行审视,采取特别的政策措施进行强化建设.     

非法出入境活动的现状、成因及对策

非法出入境是一种跨国性质的犯罪,近年来有愈演愈烈之势,并呈现出系统化、专业化的倾向。其形成的原因既有地缘及历史背景因素,又有经济利益的驱使;既受外国移民政策的影响,又受劳动力市场差异的冲击。因此,要有效治理出入境犯罪活动,必须加强国际间的合作,健全出入境管理制度,加大综合治理力度。     

The 1967 Arab–Israeli war: Soviet policy by other means?

This paper considers two aspects of historiography about the 1967 Arab–Israeli war – American and Soviet foreign policy in the region – to better appreciate the Soviet role in the outbreak of hostilities, as well as how the war concretized the USA–Israel ‘special relationship’ and weakened American–Arab relations. Relying especially on research from the Lyndon Johnson Presidential Library and Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), this paper argues that Soviet officials had little interest in pursuing measures to prevent war during the prewar crisis because the situation promised to undermine American interests in the region.     

Refining the prize: Chinese oil refineries and its energy security

Since China became a net oil importer in 1993, oil refineries have played integral roles in China's quest for oil security. And yet, the capacity, security, and configurations of refineries were rarely featured in the discussions about China's oil policy. To fill this gap, this paper explains the basics of refinery economics and technology, and details the development in China's refining industry since the early 1990s. By taking refineries into consideration, it then revisits and reassesses the existing literature regarding the motives and drivers behind China's foreign oil policy, its effectiveness, and the political interactions between China and crude oil producers.     

CHANGE AND DISCONTINUITY: WAR AND AFGHANISTAN, 1904–1924

In the imaginations of many, war in British India had its focus on the North-West Frontier and was fought against the tribes of that region. However, British thinking about Indian defence involving Afghanistan underwent tremendous change over the period under consideration. British plans to meet a Russian invasion on the Kabul-Kandahar Line in 1904 resembled those of any other Nineteenth Century Imperial campaign, with numbers of infantry and cavalry still being thought of and referred to as bayonets and sabres. Twenty years later, heavily influenced by the experiences of the Great War in the region and the Third Afghan War and associated operations, the calculus was different with logistics changed by motor vehicles and the introduction of what today are referred to as force multipliers, such as aeroplanes and machine guns. It was over this period that warfare as fought and conceptualised by men like Napoleon gave way to modern practices familiar to us today.     

Asserting State Authority through Environmental Monitoring: Venezuela in the Post‐Gómez Era, 1935–1945

In Venezuela, the task of consolidating the central state fell to Presidents Eleazar López Contreras (1936–1941) and Isaías Medina Angarita (1941–1945). This meant asserting fiscal control over the oil companies operating in the state of Zulia as well as appeasing restive working and middle classes. The government sought to exert power over both by moving towards a system of environmental monitoring of the petroleum industry. López Contreras was reluctant to apply real political pressure to the companies and accordingly environmental monitoring tended to be lax. Medina Angarita personally visited zulianos and made fiery speeches designed to assuage Venezuelan pride. What is more, he allowed the press to denounce the companies for their environmental abuse. Through his environmental monitoring efforts, Medina demonstrated to the companies that the state was a force to be reckoned with.     

以色列边境防暴警察(三)——以色列反恐怖特种部队

以色列边防卫队在边境地区执行防暴任务,必要时可得到以色列反恐怖特种部队的辅佐.以色列反恐怖特种部队与英国特种防暴警察部队--特别空勤团不同,主要不是用来协助边防卫队在边境地区执行镇暴平乱任务,而是配合国防军在战时实施战场特种作战和在平时独立进行国外反恐怖特种作战.     

鸡蛋花挥发油化学成分的研究

目的：分析鸡蛋花(Plumeria rubra L．var acutifolia Bailey)挥发油的化学组成。方法：水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油，应用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术进行分离分析，峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量。结果：气相色谱分离出34个峰，从中鉴定了22种化学成分及其相对含量。结论：鸡蛋花挥发油的主要成分有β-芳香醇(20．67％)、顺-香叶醇(16．19％)和反-苦橙油醇(14．06％)。     

“威望“号船事件之后的油污立法

通过对在“威望”号船事件之后国际上有关的油污立法及采取的措施作一个较全面的介绍,尤其是重点介绍欧盟及西班牙的有关立法和措施,对有关“威望”号船事件的调查以及在油污立法变革方面存在的有关问题进行阐述和评论。