The Liberal Peace Revisited: The Role of Democracy,Dependence, and Development in Militarized Interstate Dispute Initiation, 1950–1999

We test a model of the liberal peace by examining the initiation of militarized interstate disputes at the monadic level of analysis from 1950–1999. Liberal peace theory contends that both economic dependence and democratic political systems reduce conflict propensities. Extant empirical analyses of the monadic liberal peace, however, are under-specified. First, the concept of economic dependence not only includes trade, but also foreign investment. Second, existing models do not control for the influence of economic development. Previous research on the monadic liberal peace has also failed to distinguish between the initiation of conflict and participation in conflict. We find evidence for a liberal peace: trade dependence, foreign investment, and democracy reduce a state’s propensity to initiate militarized disputes.     

The Geography of the International System: The CShapes Dataset

Sceptics of globalization attribute the proliferation of light weapons to economic openness. Increasing globalization apparently weakens public authority, leading to social disarray, anomic violence, and general conditions that make handgun ownership and use more likely. Pro-globalists might argue contrarily that trade openness can raise the premium on peace as violence is bad for business. Moreover, greater interdependence allows the diffusion of anti-proliferation norms and facilitates cooperative behavior among trading partners for stemming the demand for and proliferation of small arms. Using a unique dataset on small arms imports, we find that greater openness to trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) lowers small arms imports per capita. A policy measure of economic freedom is associated with higher small arms imports, but this association seems to be explained entirely by the association between economic freedom and strong bureaucracies. States that are de facto more open to the global trading system are less likely to be inundated with these weapons, but richer, better-governed countries import more small arms. Global policy should pay closer attention to the seepage of these weapons from the relatively wealthy, who manufacture and buy them in larger quantities, to the poor, among whom the ‘problems’ associated with small arms are often manifested. Curbing those factors that encourage globalization, however, would be counterproductive to reducing the trade in small arms and light weapons.     

刑事法治视野中的犯罪构成

按照系统论的观点 ,任何系统都具有封闭性和开放性双重特性。刑法也是存在于社会系统中的一个子系统 ,同样存在法的稳定与社会的发展之间张力的问题。体系合理的犯罪构成应该既具有封闭性又具有开放性 ,既能限制司法权又能限制立法权 ,既能保护抽象权利又能保护具体权利 ,否则就是有缺陷的。我国传统的犯罪构成存在重大的功能缺陷 ,必须予以彻底改造     

大数据与服务型政府建设理念的共振:开放、共享与前瞻

随着21世纪移动互联网、物联网、人工智能等新技术的发展,人类进入了一个全新的发展阶段,即大数据时代。开放、共享与前瞻构成了大数据的基本发展理念。服务型政府作为与时俱进的政府,是以资源开放为前提,以公众参与为基础的开放性政府。它的开放性决定了它是一个共享性的政府,它会主动地搭建信息共享平台,引导其他治理主体合理地分享信息...     

从维护与提高政府权威视角推进政务公开

当今时代,政府权威普遍出现了不同程度的衰减现象。政务公开不够充分,是导致政府权威衰减的一个十分重要的原因。从提高与增进政府权威的视角认识政务公开意义,是保证政府自身生存发展、向公众提供更多优质高效的公共产品与公共服务、降低行政成本与提高行政效率以及维护社会和谐稳定的基本要求。     

开放型经济高质量发展:动能维度与制度型开放

我国开放型经济高质量发展已经具备了经济效率动能、结构转换动能、创新动能、制度动能和数字化新动能。通过深化体制机制改革和主动推进新一轮国际经贸规则体系构建,将自由贸易试验区、自由贸易港、进出口贸易展会等打造成为新时代改革开放重要的前沿阵地和新高地,推进国家标准国际化,完善创新驱动发展模式匹配的体制机制和营商环境等,以全面的制度型开放大力推动我国开放型经济高质量发展向纵深推进。     

Economic Competitiveness and Social Policy in Open Economies

While many studies have shown that greater trade openness affects the overall size of social spending, this study emphasizes that it also affects types of social policies that a government prioritizes. When faced with deepening trade competition, governments tend to use different policy measures to address the opportunities and challenges stemming from their economic competitiveness in the international market. Policy makers in countries with high relative labor costs are likely to privilege social insurances and income transfer. This is because as high labor costs make their workers more vulnerable in the trade competition, governments seek to protect skilled labor in order to maintain their economic advantage in advanced industries. In contrast, when relative labor costs are low, human capital investment programs are likely to be emphasized to enhance productivity and the quality of labor to capitalize the cost competitiveness of a country’s workers. The findings from empirical analyzes of 26 OECD economies from 1991 to 2012 support these arguments.     

云南少数民族体育产业化的民族性、开放性与宏观支撑条件

云南少数民族体育所具有的丰富文化内涵,在分布上呈现的连片、带状的地域特点,在层次上体现的历史纵深度与多样性,在形式上表现的鲜明地方民族性,在商业开发上蕴藏的巨大扩张性.开发和利用这一宝贵的资源,对于推动云南经济社会的发展,促进民族文化大省建设具有重要意义.发展少数民族体育产业,必须走开发性的道路,并且创造必要的宏观支撑条件.     

The impact of bureaucratic openness on public trust in South Korea

In this study, I assess whether administrative procedural openness, via administrative procedure acts (APAs) enhances public confidence in the civil service. I argue that APAs increase governmental transparency, predictability and accountability. Consequently, APAs ought to enhance public confidence in a country's democratic institutions, ceteris paribus. To substantiate this prediction, I investigate trends, pre- and post-APA passage, in the attitudes of Korean citizens regarding their country's democracy in general and civil service in particular (as well as with a second, brief case study of Taiwan). The evidence supports my argument both cross-sectionally and over time, suggesting that passage of Korea's APA laws in the mid-1990s did enhance the Koreans’ confidence in their country's civil service. Attitudes toward the bureaucracy, in turn, are powerful predictors of satisfaction with Korea's democracy, measured both absolutely and relative to attitudes toward the state of the nation 10 years prior. Several key findings replicate for Taiwan.     

实现宪政目标下的中国行政法治

世纪之交逐渐兴起的宪政风云值得每一个宪法学人认真对待。宪政目标要求行政法治的发展应当以保障公民权利实现为根本 ,以完善行政权力控制为重点 ,以增进社会公平为目标 ,以社会自治与自由促进为基础。中国行政法治与宪政的发展是并行不悖、相互促进的 ,中国行政法治应采取一种后发的综合的行政法治模式 ,并以宪政目标为指引有重点地在以下几个方面取得突破 :(1)以发展完善行政救济制度为核心实现行政法治 ;(2 )以规范审查抽象行政行为为保障实现行政法治 ;(3 )以建立健全行政程序制度为重点实现行政法治 ;(4 )以理性监控行政自由裁量权力为特征实现行政法治 ;(5 )以寻求指导行政相对人参与合作为手段实现行政法治 ;(6)以普遍推行行政公开制度为前提实现行政法治 ;(7)以确立普及政府守法观念为条件实现行政法治。