Identification of Risk Factors for Self‐Injurious Behavior in Male Prisoners*

Abstract: Male prisoners with (n = 132) and without (n = 132) histories of engaging in self‐injurious behavior (SIB) were matched on conviction prefix and custody level. Conditional logistic regression revealed that a combination of risk factors from domains defined by developmental, offense history, mental health, and institutional functioning factors correctly classified 93% of the prisoners in the sample (ROC AUC = 0.89, S.E. = 0.005, p < 0.0001). Model specificity was 92.6% and sensitivity was 95.3%. False positive and false negative rates were 2.3% and 3.4%, respectively. Implications for the assessment of prisoners at risk for SIB as well as suggested future directions for SIB prisoner research are discussed.     

Understanding human aggression: New insights from neuroscience

The present paper reviews and summarizes the basic findings concerning the nature of the neurobiological and behavioral characteristics of aggression and rage. For heuristic purposes, the types of aggression will be reduced to two categories — defensive rage (affective defense) and predatory attack. This approach helps explain both the behavioral properties of aggression as well as the underlying neural substrates and mechanisms of aggression both in animals and humans. Defensive rage behavior is activated by a threatening stimulus that is real or perceived and is associated with marked sympathetic output. This yields impulsivity with minimal cortical involvement. Predatory attack behavior in both animals and humans is generally planned, taking minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or even years (with respect to humans) for it to occur and is directed upon a specific individual target; it reflects few outward sympathetic signs and is believed to require cortical involvement for its expression. Predatory attack requires activation of the lateral hypothalamus, while defensive rage requires activation of the medial hypothalamus and midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). Both forms of aggressive behavior are controlled by components of the limbic system, a region of the forebrain that is influenced by sensory inputs from the cerebral cortex and monoaminergic inputs from the brainstem reticular formation. Control of aggressive tendencies is partly modifiable through conditioning and related learning principles generated through the cerebral cortex.     

Altruism Born of Suffering and Prosocial Behavior Following Adverse Life Events: A Review and Conceptualization

This paper introduces the concept of “altruism born of suffering,” and provides a review and integration of relevant research and theories from various disciplines. In contrast to the well-supported notion that prosocial behavior is rooted in positive experiences, whereas violence and adversity often contribute to further violence and antisocial behavior, it is proposed that suffering may actually enhance the motivation to help other disadvantaged members of society, including outgroups. A motivational process model is presented that includes a typology of altruism born of suffering, integrates clinical and social psychological perspectives on underlying processes, and proposes potential mediators and moderators. Relevant empirical studies are reviewed that provide initial support for this model. A particular emphasis is placed on victims of group-based violence, and implications for intergroup relations and social justice.

假定因果关系、结果避免可能性与客观归责

假定因果关系与结果避免可能性是客观归责领域里两个不同性质的问题,前者不影响归责;后者是否影响归责,要根据“合义务替代行为”的思考方法来确定。只有在遵守义务能避免结果时,才能归责给违反义务的行为人;当遵守义务也不能避免结果时,义务违反与结果之间欠缺内在关联,应排除归责;当结果避免的可能性不确定时,应根据罪疑唯轻原则对行为人做有利认定,视为义务违反关联性欠缺,从而排除归责。客观归责理论的方法论意义,不是条件说或相当因果关系说能够代替的。     

Ticking all the boxes? A comparative study of social sorting and affective polarization

This study explores whether, in societies around the world, affective polarization – or animosity between citizens based on their political allegiance – is stronger if political divisions align with non-political ones. Such ‘social sorting’ has earlier been established to foster affective polarization in the United States. In this study, I argue that the underlying mechanism travels across the globe. I then present two complementary studies which confirm this hypothesis. First, I employ CSES data to predict the level of affective polarization by social sorting at 119 elections in 40 countries, showing that greater alignment of partisan divisions with non-political divisions in a society (along the lines of income, education, religion and region) is associated with stronger dislike towards political outgroups. Second, using Dutch panel data, I show that individuals who fit the socio-demographic ‘profile’ of their party better tend to be more affectively polarized. This has important implications for our understanding of affective polarization.     

The electoral consequences of anti-Muslim prejudice

A growing body of research has documented the development of pervasive anti-Muslim sentiment among White Americans. We build on this research to demonstrate that anti-Muslim attitudes and negative stereotypes of Muslim people have become an enduring and consistent component of White Americans' presidential vote choice beyond any one specific candidate or election. We argue that the racialization of Muslim Americas has increased their salience and significance in both the minds of White Americans and in national political discourse, making attitudes toward Muslims a consistent predictor of Whites’ presidential candidate evaluations in every election since at least 2004. We support this account with empirical evidence from the 2004–2020 American National Election Studies, using measures of group affect and negative stereotypes of Muslim people.     

行政公诉之我见

我国行政诉讼撤案率不断攀升的主要原因在于行政机关以权压法,干扰法院正常的审理工作;行政相对人因不懂法而不知诉,或因行政机关施压或基于传统思想而不敢诉、不愿诉。行政机关行使职权的活动得不到法律的有效监督,从局部看损害的是特定行政相对人的合法权益,但从整体上看将阻碍我国的法治进程,因此,必须建立行政公诉制度。     

地方政府公信力危机的政府行为因素

地方政府的公信力危机的日益严重,成为当前政府信誉下降的主要原因。地方政府公信力危机的主要因素源于行政中的自娱自乐、自我服务,管理中的私利膨胀,行政的目无法纪,行使行政权力的任性,监管职能的缺失,行政执行中的欺上瞒下,以及神秘行政等。因此,破解地方政府的公信力危机已势在必行。     

实地勘验中的现场保护行为研究

实地勘验中的现场保护行为直接关系到现场勘查的质量,然而一直以来被侦查人员忽视。本文从实地勘验中现场保护的重要性入手,主要论述了实地勘验中的现场保护行为的内容,并进一步对完善实地勘验中现场保护行为的制约机制提出建议。     

"项目场域"利益相关者的心态、行为及角色定位——对G县J水电项目的调查与思考

目前,我国正处于工业化和城市化建设加速时期,随着经济建设和社会发展的速度加快,各地纷纷上马许多建筑工程项目。以“场域”理论为分析视角．以G县J水电工程项目为例,详细描述和分析在“项目场域”中政府（县、乡镇）、投资商（水电站）、村委会、村民（移民、非移民）的心态与行为表现,以及他们在“项目场域”中应然的角色定位。并提出为了确保各利益相关者在“项目场域”中从“各谋其利”到现“利益共赢”,实现“项目场域”的良性运行与协调发展．以及当地社会的公平公正与和谐发展。必须在当前我国国内投资的工程项目建设中引入真正的公共参与机制和社会评价机制。