Poverty and Its Possible Cures: Abe Isoo and Kawakami Hajime

This article explores the views of two eminent Meiji intellectuals, Abe Isoo (1865–1949) and Kawakami Hajime (1879–1946), regarding poverty and its possible cures. Both men addressed this subject at a time which saw the rapid development of monopoly capitalism in Japan. Politically, this period was typified by the social and political oppression that followed the Public Order Police Law (1900) and the High Treason Incident (1910). The latter marked the beginning of the “winter” of the socialist movement in Japan. Abe, the father of Japanese socialism, and the younger Kawakami, a bourgeois economist and later a Marxist, were two of the more prominent intellectuals concerned with poverty. This article outlines their thoughts on poverty and its possible cures in the period between 1903 and 1916 as expressed in their most representative works on the issue, Abe’s Saikin no shakai mondai (Current Social Problems), (1915) and Kawakami’s Bimbô monogatari (The Tale of Poverty), (1916).     

对确认不侵权之诉的探讨

在我国,知识产权权利人对权利的滥用引发了确认不侵权之诉的产生,它的效力有赖于对其性质的理解。确认不侵权之诉为知识产权外的其他领域提供了一种预防性救济的思路。但在扩大适用领域的同时,为遏制确认不侵权之诉被滥用,需要为其设置严格的起诉条件。     

Who is poor in China? A comparison of alternative approaches to poverty assessment in Rural Yunnan

Despite widespread recognition of the multidimensionality of poverty among social scientists and policymakers, the monetary approach still dominates poverty assessment. However, it is possible that different poverty assessment methodologies identify dissimilar households as poor, leading to disparate policies for poverty reduction. This empirical research applies four approaches to poverty identification to the same population of rural households in Wuding County, Yunnan Province, PRC. These approaches include China's official poverty identification method, participatory poverty assessment (PPA), the monetary approach to poverty assessment, and use of multidimensional poverty indicators (MDI). This study discovered that these four approaches generate different aggregate poverty incidences, identifying different households with distinctly different characteristics as poor. Each approach evaluates different aspects and dimensions, highlighting some characteristics while concealing others. There is very little overlap among the poor households identified by each methodology. This has implications at the conceptual, methodological, and policy levels. The conceptual understanding of poverty should be broadened to include multidimensional and multidisciplinary socioeconomic indicators. Multiple approaches must be applied in order to avoid marginalising some aspects of poverty. Poverty reduction strategies should shift from promoting short-term income-generating activities to a broader combination of strategies that address the inter-linked structural causes of poverty.     

The neglected female unemployment in Sweden during the Great Depression

ABSTRACT

The unemployment statistics of the 1930s’ Great Depression have often been used as a way of estimating the endurance and severity of the economic crisis in different countries. The Swedish unemployment data have, among other things, been used in comparison with the American data to describe the different economic development that these two countries experienced during the twentieth century. Sweden’s ‘work approach’ to unemployment during the Great Depression has also been highlighted in earlier research as an answer to the question of why Sweden managed the Great Depression quite well and was able to kick-start the development of the welfare state. Unfortunately, the official unemployment data mainly covered men; female unemployment has been neglected both in the official records and in earlier research, and the praised ‘work approach’ only targeted male unemployment. In this paper, a new and previously neglected source of unemployment data is brought into the light in the form of poor relief statistics. From this information, a new estimation of the female unemployment during the Great Depression is made, which questions the grand conclusions that have been reached regarding the connections of the crisis and the later welfare state construction.     

对贫富差距的理性思考

改革开放以来,我国在政治、经济、文化等诸多方面都取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就。事实雄辩地证明了改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择,方向和道路是完全正确的,成效和功绩不容否定。但是随着改革的深入,出现了许多深层次的矛盾和问题。本文就我国目前存在的贫富差距问题进行了深入思考,分析了贫富差距产生的诸多原因,阐述了对贫富差距的看法以及缓解贫富差距扩大的措施。     

高校贫困生心理健康问题探析

本文通过对高校贫困生心理存在的自卑、焦虑、沮丧、文饰、狭隘五个问题,进行分析,找出其受影响的三个因素,即家庭因素、社会因素、个体因素,并提出通过引导、帮助、鼓励的对策来调解贫困生心理问题。     

请求权性质之我见

请求权是民事权利体系的重要组成部分,然而从请求权概念产生之日起,对请求权的性质的认识就众说纷纭,莫衷一是。大体可以归结为权能说、救济说和债权说三种学说。权能说和救济说分别从请求权的渊源和历史角度定位,有一定的合理性,但并没有触及请求权性质。请求权与债权具有性质上的同一性,属于相对性结构的权利,这是请求权的性质所在。     

仲裁司法审查程序本质论

作为法律程序的一种,仲裁司法审查程序同样是以救济权利为己任,但与一般司法程序不同的是,仲裁司法审查程序所救济的权利不是实体性权利,而是程序性权利,是仲裁当事人在仲裁程序中所应享有的程序性权利,这就是仲裁司法审查程序的本质所在.     

中日公务员行政惩戒法律救济制度的比较

公务员惩戒制度是通过惩罚公务员的失职行为而对该公务员及其他公务员予以警戒的制度。该制度对打造一支高素质的公务员队伍,防止公务员滥用权力和违法乱纪等方面起了很大作用,但如果惩戒不当,对公务员合法权益将造成莫大的损害。“有损害就有救济”,纵观世界各国的公务员权益救济制度,大体上采用两种模式：一种是行政救济与司法救济“并轨”的救济模式,如美国、日本等;另一种是以行政救济作为单一的救济模式,如我国现在所实行的公务员申诉与控告的行政救济制度。本文通过比较中日两国的公务员行政惩戒救济制度,以“扬弃”的移植理念,完善我国的公务员行政惩戒救济制度。     

南非社会权司法救济的方式评析

南非宪法不仅明确规定社会权可以通过司法方式获得保护和实施,而且还赋予法院对社会权进行救济的广泛权力。宪法法院在司法实践中对社会权的救济方式做了一些探索,主要有宣告性判决、强制性指令和“读入”判决。这些救济方式对社会权的保护发挥了一定作用,但也因其局限性影响了救济的效果：一是过分关注集体利益而忽视了对个人权利的保护;二是对法院命令的执行缺乏有力的监督,常使法院命令流于形式,影响了救济的有效性。因此,法院应承认社会权是个人权利,赋予社会权以实质的个人权利的内容,注重对个人权利的救济;并发展新的救济方式,对政府执行法院命令的行为进行有效监督。