CRIME DIVERSITY*

Large geographic areas should host a greater diversity of crime compared with small geographic areas. This proposition is reasonable given that larger geographic areas should not only support more crime but also contain a greater diversity of criminogenic settings. This article uses a neutral model to characterize crime richness as a function of area. The model starts with two neutral assumptions: 1) that all environments are statistically equivalent and exert no influence on what types of crimes occur there; and 2) that different crime types occur independently of one another. The model produces rigorous predictions for the mean and variance in crime richness with increasing area. Tests of the model against a sample of 172,055 crimes occurring in Los Angeles during the year 2013 are qualitatively consistent with neutral expectations. The model is made quantitatively consistent by constant scaling. Resampling experiments show that at most 20 percent of the mean crime richness is attributable to nonrandom clustering and assortment of crime types. A modified neutral model allowing for variation crime concentration is consistent with observed variance in crime richness. The results suggest that very general and largely neutral laws may be driving crime diversity in space.     

Influence of Running on Pistol Shot Hit Patterns

In shooting scene reconstructions, risk assessment of the situation can be important for the legal system. Shooting accuracy and precision, and thus risk assessment, might be correlated with the shooter's physical movement and experience. The hit patterns of inexperienced and experienced shooters, while shooting stationary (10 shots) and in running motion (10 shots) with a semi‐automatic pistol, were compared visually (with confidence ellipses) and statistically. The results show a significant difference in precision (circumference of the hit patterns) between stationary shots and shots fired in motion for both inexperienced and experienced shooters. The decrease in precision for all shooters was significantly larger in the y‐direction than in the x‐direction. The precision of the experienced shooters is overall better than that of the inexperienced shooters. No significant change in accuracy (shift in the hit pattern center) between stationary shots and shots fired in motion can be seen for all shooters.     

Evaluation of GLOCK 9 mm Firing Pin Aperture Shear Mark Individuality Based On 1,632 Different Pistols by Traditional Pattern Matching and IBIS Pattern Recognition

Over a period of 21 years, a number of fired GLOCK cartridge cases have been evaluated. A total of 1632 GLOCK firearms were used to generate a sample of the same size. Our research hypothesis was that no cartridge cases fired from different 9‐mm semiautomatic GLOCK pistols would be mistaken as coming from the same gun. Using optical comparison microscopy, two separate experiments were carried out to test this hypothesis. A subsample of 617 test‐fired cases were subjected to algorithmic comparison by the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS). The second experiment subjected the full set of 1632 cases to manual comparisons using traditional pattern matching. None of the cartridge cases were “matched” by either of these two experiments. Using these empirical findings, an established Bayesian probability model was used to estimate the chance that a 9‐mm cartridge case, fired from a GLOCK, could be mistaken as coming from the same firearm when in fact it did not (i.e., the random match probability).     

Jumping Together: A Fatal Suicide Pact

In suicide pact, two or more victims mutually agree and execute to end their lives together by predetermined method, preferably by hanging, drowning, gunshot, or poisoning. The victims are usually spouses, lovers, or friends, and the reasons behind such steps are various. In this reported suicide pact, husband–wife duo jumped from the terrace of a 12‐meter‐high building with their wrist bound to each other. Although they jumped together, the injury patterns were completely different. The man landed on head sustaining mainly craniocerebral injuries, and the wife landed on feet sustaining long bone injuries. They left a suicide note pointing out sudden demise of their only child as the reason for the suicide, and it was signed by both of them. Jumping from a height in suicide pact has not been reported in the scientific literature yet.     

民事诉讼法制现代化与诉讼模式的重构

当前我国民事诉讼法制与实现现代化的要求有一定的距离,不恰当的诉讼模式是我国民事诉讼法制没有实现现代化的重要原因.确立恰当的诉讼模式,理顺诉权与审判权的关系,恰当配置当事人与法院在诉讼中的权限,有助于在此基础上构建现代化的民事诉讼程序,促进民事诉讼法制建设的发展,最终实现我国民事诉讼法制的现代化.这种恰当的诉讼模式就是协同主义诉讼模式.     

从英汉思维差异看电影片名翻译

思维是翻译的基础,电影片名的不同体现了英汉思维方式的差异.因此,对电影片名的翻译必须从思维和语言的关系入手,通过对比东西方不同的思维方式及其在电影片名中的表现,努力探索在进行电影片名翻译时应选择的相应的翻译策略,以期适合译入语观众的思维模式.     

论语音象似性及其在诗歌文本中的应用

本文通过尝试建立语音象似性的连通主义模型,从本体感受论的角度对语音象似性的客观现实性和心理真实性作了论证;在对诸多有关语音象似性的论述进行总结的基础上,进一步提出语音象似性的二分法并强调语音象似性的意象图式说;由于体现象似性特征的语音模式是诗歌文本序列的构建原则之一,故最后对诗歌文本中的语音象似性进行了探寻.     

Are DNA data a valid source to study the spatial behavior of unknown offenders?

Studying the spatial behaviour of unknown offenders (i.e. undetected offenders) is difficult, because police recorded crime data do not contain information about these offenders. Recently, forensic DNA data has been used to study unknown offenders. However, DNA data are only a subset of the crimes committed by unknown offenders stored in police recorded crime data. To establish the suitability of DNA data for studying the spatial offending behaviour of unknown offenders, we examine the concentration and spatial similarity of detected but unsolved crimes in police recorded crime data (N?=?181,483) and DNA data (N?=?1913) over 27 Belgian judicial districts for four crime types. We established spatial similarity for certain crime types (in some districts). This offers opportunities for DNA data to be used to study unknown offenders' spatial offending behaviour. Implications for theory and research are discussed.     

设立科研工作组织奖提高院校科研管理水平

文章提出了设立科研工作组织奖的意义,分析了科研工作组织奖与以往各种奖励措施的不同,它可进一步加强科研工作的科学化管理、促进学校的学科建设,使传统学科研究和教学内容的改进、新兴学科和交叉学科的发展出现一批新的学术增长点。同时,也可促进学科学术带头人的培养及结构合理的高素质的学术队伍的形成、促进学术研究水平的提高,并为进一步加强科研组织管理工作,奠定基础。     

宁夏服务业发展现状、问题及对策

加快宁夏服务业发展,促进产业结构调整,对提高宁夏综合竞争实力具有重要的意义。