Performance of the supervised learning algorithms in sex estimation of the proximal femur: A comparative study in contemporary Egyptian and Turkish samples

Sex estimation standards are population specific however, we argue that machine learning techniques (ML) may enhance the biological sex determination on trans-population application. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) versus nine ML including quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), support vector machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Gaussian process (GPC), Naïve Bayesian (NBC), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RFM) and Adaptive boosting (Adaboost) were compared. The experiments involve two contemporary populations: Turkish (n = 300) and Egyptian populations (n = 100) for training and validation, respectively. Base models were calibrated using isotonic and sigmoid calibration schemes. Results were analyzed at posterior probabilities (pp) thresholds >0.95 and >0.80. At pp = 0.5, ML algorithms yielded comparable accuracies in the training (90% to 97%) and test sets (81% to 88%) which are not modified after employing the calibration techniques. At pp >0.95, the raw RFM, LDA, QDA, and SVM models have shown the best performance however, calibration techniques improved the performance of various classifier especially NBC and Adaboost. By contrast, the performance of GPC, KNN, QDA models worsened by calibration. RFM has shown the best performance among all models at both thresholds whereas LDA benefited the best from using both calibration methods at pp >0.80. Complex ML models are not necessarily achieving better performance metrics. LDA and QDA remain the fastest and simplest classifiers. We demonstrated the capability of enhancing sex estimation using ML on an independent population sample however, differences in the underlying probability distribution generated by models were detected which warranted more cautious application by forensic practitioners.     

论党性教育课程实施的创生取向

课程实施创生取向就是在教育情境中,教师与学生根据自己的实际情况与需要,在已有知识、经验、能力、技能、智慧的基础上整合既有的课程变革计划,联合发明、建造、创造并自然生成新的教育经验的过程。坚持党性教育课程实施的创生取向,通过深化规律性认识、强化实践理念以及拓宽培训思路,充分调动起学员的积极性和主动性,提高党性教育的效果。     

从性别政治到性欲政治——台湾女性思潮变迁的一个侧面

近30年来，台湾女性运动与思潮发展迅猛。特别在上世纪90年代，焦点一度从争取参政权、财产权等公共领域转入“私领域”，更多地关注女性的性欲和身体。这一发展，深刻地显示了台湾社会女性思潮的重大变化。     

A Preliminary Examination of Citizen Orientation and Multiple Dimensions of Organizational Performance

In this article, I discuss citizen orientated public management in relation to extant frameworks and theories in public management and organization research, including the role of the public servant, collaborative public management, citizen coproduction, and relational bureaucracy. Following the discussion, I hypothesize about the relationship between public organizations’ citizen orientations and multiple dimensions of organizational performance. I use data from approximately 900 New York City elementary and middle schools from 2008 to 2011 to examine the relationship. Preliminary findings indicate that a citizen orientation is positively related to multiple dimensions of public organization performance.     

行政伦理价值向度的校正

行政伦理的内在价值向度对于公共行政的实施以及行政文明的发展和行政体制的改革都具有重要的导向、规范、激励乃至终极眷注的作用,已成为行政伦理建设中一个带有根本性的重要课题。以往关于行政伦理价值向度的观点,或者局限于公共行政的工具价值,或者偏重于某一单一的价值原则,使得公共行政或者失去理性价值,或者局限于片面价值。因此,只有构建多维的行政伦理价值体系,才能保证公共行政的科学合理。     

美国外交思维特点初探

美国外交思维具有四个特点：绝对安全的目标追求,反对革命的保守心态,技术本位的解决模式以及强烈的主动性和攻击性。这些特点源于美国独特的国情。美国的霸权心态既是这些特征的高度概括,也是其后果。     

职业自主性与律师行业定位的三重维度考察——以新律师法为核心对象

职业自主性理论为观察中国律师业脱钩改制进程提供重要的理论视角，新律师法则为这种观察提供了恰当的样本。新律师法在职业自主性方面的重要进展体现在律师一委托人关系的建立、多元化律师事务所组织形式模式的引入以及律师行业两结合管理体制的微妙变化。要使新律师法在职业自主性领域的进展真正落到实处，需要从一系列配套制度措施入手。     

Childhood Sexual Abuse and HIV Risk Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: Initial Test of a Conceptual Model

Childhood sexual abuse has been associated with HIV transmission risk behavior in men who have sex with men. This study examined an adapted model that was originally developed to explain the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and HIV risk behavior among women in a sample of men who have sex with men. Men attending a large gay pride event (n=647) completed anonymous surveys that assessed demographic characteristics, childhood sexual abuse, symptoms of dissociation, trauma-related anxiety, borderline personality characteristics, hopelessness, substance use, and sexual risk behavior. A latent variable partial least squares analysis was conducted to test the interrelationships between childhood sexual abuse, exchanging sex for money or drugs, emotional disturbances, drug use, substance use in the context of sexual behavior, and sexual risk behavior. The model fit the data well and accounted for 10% of the total variance in sexual risk behavior. History of childhood sexual abuse predicted exchanging sex for money or drugs and this relationship was partly accounted for by active drug use. Substance use proximal to sexual behavior also emerged as a key factor in predicting sexual risk behavior. Findings from this study, therefore, indicate a direct association between history of child sexual abuse and high risk for HIV infection related to engaging in sex trade.     

对目前实施生育保险局限性与突破方向的思考

目前生育保险制度在我国尚未全面推进,其原因是局部地区相对独立的改革及立法的滞后。未来生育保险突破的方向应是向全国统一规划、实施、调剂和管理的态势发展。政府和社会应进一步重视生育保障的社会价值,更好地维护女职工的合法权益和特殊利益。     

主观超过因素新论

主客观相统一的定罪原则并不否定主观超过因素的存在。无论大陆法系刑法抑或英美法系刑法基本都认可主观超过因素的定罪意义。所谓主观超过因素是指在构成犯罪的各要素中,超出故意内涵之外的主观要素,其中主要包括目的犯中的犯罪目的及倾向犯中的内心倾向。对于表现犯中的内心表现完全应该作为犯罪故意的内容,不宜按主观超过因素来对待。在司法实践中,由于主观超过因素存在与否的判断极为艰难,因此必须坚持弱化口供,强化推定及强化证伪的认定原则。