规范性与现实性--浅论课程设置与妇女学学科发展

课程设置是学科建设与学科发展中的一个重要环节。妇女学的学科建设,既要尽可能融入全球化背景下的妇女学发展潮流,积极参与世界妇女学领域的对话与交流,又要坚持本土化的发展道路,给予当代中国妇女生存与发展的处境充分的现实关照。这种学科发展方向要求妇女学的课程设置,一方面要遵循学科建设和课程设置的一般原则,注重科学性和规范性;另一方面要兼顾妇女学生存与发展的特殊性与现实环境,做到规范性与现实性的统一。     

妇女学的内容与目标

妇女学不是把妇女看作问题 ,而是以妇女成为主体向男性中心的知识体系提出问题时产生的。妇女学的核心理论是社会性别。分析研究各个文化在各个历史时期中社会性别制度的变迁 ,社会性别话语的变化 ,社会性别等级制同阶级、种族、族裔等的交叉关系 ,社会性别同政治、经济、文化的关系 ,特定社会性别制度对男女的规范 ,性文化的变迁 ,妇女在各个领域的活动经历等等 ,是妇女学的主要内容。妇女学的目标是以新的认识论认识人类社会 ,并在此基础上参与改造社会。     

马克思主义妇女观与中国女性学基本理论建设

马克思主义妇女观为中国女性学基本理论建设提供了基础性思想,女性学揭示女性的本质、特征、存在状态及其发展规律。21世纪,中国女性学须创新;须坚持辩证法和唯物史观,对现实中国女性生存与发展面临的新问题进行理论探讨;须吸收和借鉴国外女性学,尤其是西方马克思主义女性主义理论的学术成果。     

上海国有控股公司法人治理结构的实证研究

国有资产授权经营主体处在“国有资产管理委员会——国有资产授权经营主体——控股、参股的国有企业”这样一个三层架构模式的中间层位置。自1993年底组建国有资产授权经营公司(国有控股公司)至今,上海通过明确国有资产出资主体和保值增值责任主体,改变了长期以来国有资产产权不清、权利责任不明的状况。十年来的摸索,使上海的国有资产管理工作走在了全国的前列。     

The institutionalization of relative advantage: formal institutions,subconstitutional presidential powers,and the rise of authoritarian politics in Russia, 1994–2012

What role do formal institutions play in the consolidation of authoritarian regimes such as the Russian Federation? Oftentimes, it is assumed that autocrats, usually potent presidents, wield informal powers and control far-flung patron–client networks that undermine formal institutions and bolster their rule. After the institutional turn in authoritarianism studies, elections, parties, legislatures, or courts have taken center stage, yet presidencies and public law are still on the margins of this research paradigm. This paper proposes a method for measuring subconstitutional presidential power and its change by federal law, decrees, and Constitutional Court rulings as well as a theoretical framework for explaining when and under which conditions subconstitutional presidential power expands. It is argued that as a result of a gradual, small-scale, and slow-moving process of layering, presidential powers have been accumulated over time. This furthers the institutionalization of presidential advantage toward other federal and regional institutions, which in turn contributes to the consolidation of authoritarianism.     

Cultures of high-frequency trading: mapping the landscape of algorithmic developments in contemporary financial markets

Abstract

As part of ongoing work to lay a foundation for social studies of high-frequency trading (HFT), this paper introduces the culture(s) of HFT as a sociological problem relating to knowledge and practice. HFT is often discussed as a purely technological development, where all that matters is the speed of allocating, processing and transmitting data. Indeed, the speed at which trades are executed and data transmitted is accelerating, and it is fair to say that algorithms are now the primary interacting agents operating in the financial markets. However, we contend that HFT is first and foremost a cultural phenomenon. More specifically, both individuals and collective agents – such as algorithms – might be considered cultural entities, charged with very different ways of processing information, making sense of it and turning it into knowledge and practice. This raises issues relating to situated knowledge, distributed cognition and action, the assignment of responsibility when regulating high-speed algorithms, their history, organizational structure and, perhaps more fundamentally, their representation.     

Organizational ignorance: an ethnographic study of high-frequency trading

Abstract

This paper provides an analysis of strategic uses of ignorance or not-knowing in one of the most secretive industries within the financial sector. The focus of the paper is on the relation between imitation and ignorance within the organizational structure of high-frequency trading (HFT) firms. In social studies of finance (SSF) literature imitation is considered a strategic act, i.e. imitation is a term applied when traders copy the strategies of other traders. I wish to turn this relation between ignorance and imitation on its head and consider ignorance itself as a strategic unknown and investigate the kinds of imitations that might be produced from structures of not-knowing (i.e. structures intended to divide, obscure and protect knowledge). This point is illustrated through ethnographic studies and interviews within five HFT firms. The data show how a black-box structure of ignorance is replicated within the organizational setting of these firms and re-enacted by the traders. Towards the end of the paper the politics of the relationship between imitation and ignorance is discussed.     

The discourse and study of terrorism in decolonised states: the case of Pakistan

The existing literature in the terrorism field does not address the absence of terrorism scholarship in developing countries. This article focuses on this intellectual gap using the case of Pakistan. It argues that most decolonised states, including Pakistan, are yet to grasp the complexities of traditional approaches to the study of terrorism, let alone its critical dimensions. The article explores some of the prevailing conditions in developing countries, specifically decolonised states such as Pakistan, which prevent the development of a robust academic discourse on terrorism and the development of a strong field of study. It suggests that the main barriers that account for this shortfall include the state’s legitimacy deficit, a flawed education system that nurtures fictions as truth and inhibits knowledge production, the institutionalised role of conspiracy theories in national politics and the multiplicity of terrorism discourses among government and sociopolitical entities. The conclusion highlights a number of reasons that might help to explain this persistent condition and offers a few policy recommendations.