Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Red Seal Inks on Questioned Document

Seals are traditionally used in the Far East Asia to stamp an impression on a document in place of a signature. In this study, an accuser claimed that a personal contract regarding mining development rights acquired by a defendant was devolved to the accuser because the defendant stamped the devolvement contract in the presence of the accuser and a witness. The accuser further stated that the seal ink stamped on the devolvement contract was the same as that stamped on the development rights application document. To verify this, the seals used in two documents were analyzed using micro‐attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and infrared spectra. The findings revealed that the seals originated from different manufacturers. Thus, the accuser's claim on the existence of a devolvement contract was proved to be false.     

电商企业大学生兼职状况及其影响探析

大学生兼职是当前高校校园的普遍现象,但社会各界对此褒贬不一.通过对某电商企业兼职大学生的调查发现,兼职大学生工作满意度较高,但兼职对在校成绩、人际沟通能力有一定影响.反映大学生兼职对其自身发展的利弊.     

侵犯商业秘密罪中“重大损失”认定模式之重构

在侵犯商业秘密罪逐渐多发的大环境下,司法审判中"重大损失"的认定模式却呈现多元化现象,亟需重构类型化认定模式。实证研究司法实践中的案例有利于对重大损失的认定模式形成概观;辨析与反思实证研究中重大损失认定模式的利弊可为重构合理的认定模式提供价值基础。基于实证研究中"商业秘密市场价值说、商业秘密许可费用说"与"给权利人造成全部损失、给权利人造成部分损失"的对应关系,以"类型学"的范式研究为方法论,对侵犯商业秘密罪的行为以"行为人结果"1为标准再类型化,可形成"商业秘密市场价值说、商业秘密许可费用说——行为人结果——两种新行为类型"的对应关系;有利于通过司法解释的形式上升为刑法规范从而指导司法实践。     

How Creating Semiautonomous Agencies Affects Staff Satisfaction

Abstract

Structural reforms such as the creation of autonomous agencies are a widely heralded solution for a multitude of problems in the public sector. These reforms have effects on public employees. This article shows how the structural disaggregation of ministries into autonomous agencies affects staff satisfaction with the organization. The article discusses three cases, where Dutch public organizations were either disaggregated from a ministry or reaggregated to the ministry. These structural reforms constitute a quasiexperimental setting where effects on agency staff and parent ministry staff are compared. In one case, creating the agency led to a decrease in staff satisfaction with the organization as compared to the staff that remained within the ministry. A second case showed that these negative effects linger and can last for more than eight years. An inverse organizational change—reaggregation—caused inverse effects: increasing satisfaction with the organization.     

中国政府雇员制下的工作满意度分析——基于对上海市公安文职人员调查的实证研究

自政府雇员制在我国施行以来，学界对其在实践中所出现的问题进行了大量的讨论。但这些讨论大都缺少实证材料支撑。本文在对上海市公安文职制度调查的基础上，建立了关于公安文职人员工作满意度的回归模型。用以分析影响政府雇员制的诸多因素。模型结果表明：雇员工作的制度设置、薪酬设定、晋升制度以及与公务员的待遇差距等因素影响工作满意度的变量显著。因此，在提高政府雇员制功效的问题上。应主要改善这些受到显著影响的制度设置，以提高雇员工作满意度。进而保障政府雇员制功能的发挥和高效运行。     

全面薪酬满意度能提高零售企业员工工作绩效吗？

以 C 超市员工为样本，探讨全面薪酬满意度的测量及其对工作绩效的影响，以及员工敬业度的 中介作用和全面薪酬沟通的调节作用。研究表明，零售企业全面薪酬满意度由薪酬、职业发展机会、绩效认可、 工作 - 生活平衡和福利满意度五个维度组成；其中，绩效认可、工作 - 生活平衡满意度对工作绩效有显著正向 影响，而薪酬、职业发展机会和福利满意度对工作绩效没有显著影响。同时，全面薪酬满意度五个维度对员工 敬业度均有显著正向影响，而绩效认可、工作 - 生活平衡满意度又通过员工敬业度，对工作绩效产生了影响。 再者，全面薪酬沟通正向调节了绩效认可、工作 - 生活平衡和福利满意度对员工敬业度的影响，也正向调节了 员工敬业度在绩效认可、工作 - 生活平衡、福利满意度与工作绩效之间的中介效应，即全面薪酬沟通程度越高， 员工敬业度的中介作用越强。     

Disaggregating the Incentives of Conflict Management: An Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to develop a formal model of the arms export process that incorporates the complementary ideas of a fuzzy decision‐making goal and a fuzzy decision‐making constraint. The model is formulated as a control problem: The decision‐making actor—in this case, a hegemonic exporter—will attempt to control the evolution of its political relationship with a prospective importer by choosing, over time, a sequence of arms transfer strategies. The exporter's strategic choices will be influenced by its fuzzy goal (a fuzzy set of political relations outcomes between the two states that the exporter seeks to maximize) and its fuzzy constraint (a fuzzy set of arms options that the exporter is constrained to choose by virtue of the preferences of the importer's neighbors). The solution to the control problem is the exporter's optimal policy sequence, and this is uncovered via the dynamic programming optimization technique. The model is illustrated by the multistage decision‐making of the U.S. for Egypt in the years 1968–1971 and 1974–1977.     

Can't get no satisfaction with the Westminster model? Winners,losers and the effects of consensual and direct democratic institutions on satisfaction with democracy

Are citizens in consensus democracies with developed direct democratic institutions more satisfied with their political system than those in majoritarian democracies? In this article, individual‐level data from the second wave of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and an updated version of Lijphart's multivariate measure of consensus and majoritarian democracy covering 24 countries are used to investigate this question. The findings from logistic multilevel models indicate that consensual cabinet types and direct democratic institutions are associated with higher levels of citizens' satisfaction with democracy. Furthermore, consensus democracy in these institutions closes the gap in satisfaction with democracy between losers and winners of elections by both comforting losers and reducing the satisfaction of winners. Simultaneously, consensus democracy in terms of electoral rules, the executive–legislative power balance, interest groups and the party system reduces the satisfaction of election winners, but does not enhance that of losers.     

Emotional Experiences and Motivating Factors Associated with Fingerprint Analysis

Abstract: In this study, we investigated the emotional and motivational factors involved in fingerprint analysis in day‐to‐day routine case work and in significant and harrowing criminal investigations. Thematic analysis was performed on interviews with 13 experienced fingerprint examiners from a variety of law enforcement agencies. The data revealed factors relating to job satisfaction and the use of skill. Individual satisfaction related to catching criminals was observed; this was most notable in solving high profile, serious, or long‐running cases. There were positive emotional effects associated with matching fingerprints and apparent fear of making errors. Finally, we found evidence for a need of cognitive closure in fingerprint examiner decision‐making.     

Total Ion Spectra versus Segmented Total Ion Spectra as Preprocessing Tools for Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Data

Alignment of fire debris data from GC‐MS for chemometric analysis is challenged by highly variable, uncontrolled sample and matrix composition. The total ion spectrum (TIS) obviates the need for alignment but loses all separation information. We introduce the segmented total ion spectrum (STIS), which retains the advantages of TIS while retaining some retention information. We compare the performance of STIS with TIS for the classification of casework fire debris samples. TIS and STIS achieve good model prediction accuracies of 96% and 98%, respectively. Baseline removal improved model prediction accuracies for both TIS and STIS to 97% and 99%, respectively. The importance of maintaining some chromatographic information to aid in deciphering the underlying chemistry of the results and reasons for false positive/negative results was also examined.