Race-Based Peremptory Challenges: An Empirical Analysis of Litigation from the U.S. Court of Appeals, 2002–2006

This paper examines race-based peremptory challenges. Such challenges occur during the voir dire jury selection process. The process allows both the defense and the prosecution to strike jurors who they believe will not decide cases fairly. However, in the case of Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986), the Supreme Court ruled that race could not be used as a factor in eliminating prospective jurors. This paper examines federal litigation for five years in which it was alleged that race was used as a factor in removing a juror. An examination of the cases revealed that most of the cases involved sole male litigants who allege that there were multiple race-based peremptory challenges used in their cases. Moreover, most of the cases that led to the allegations involved violent offenses. Other case characteristics are noted, but of most significance was the finding that most appellants lost their cases. As such, the courts felt that most of the challenges were, in fact, race neutral. The implications of this research are discussed. This study was funded by an undergraduate research grant from Penn State University.     

Y chromosome J2 subtyping in an Italian sample: Population and forensic implications

In the recent years the Y chromosome genealogy has been refined by a number of newly discovered SNPs. The non-random distribution of the Y chromosome lineages worldwide makes fundamental the dissection and characterisation of haplogroups associated with specific geographic areas. In Southern Europe the haplogroup J2, as defined by the M172 marker, can reach frequencies up to 35%, making the dissection of such lineage critical for population studies. Here we present a study on J2 chromosomes from the Italian peninsula. Populations and forensic implications are discussed. A total of 900 individuals were previously genotyped for a number of SNPs, including M172. More than 200 of these have been now genotyped for 7 SNPs within the J2 lineage using a multiplex SNaPshot approach. The different distribution of the various lineages in different geographic areas probably reflects different historical demographic events and points to differential Y chromosome haplotype distribution, with implication for forensic application of this genetic marker.     

小议欧盟第1419/2006号条例对班轮航运业的影响

国际航运反垄断豁免制度作为一种行业豁免制度,是指通过立法赋予航运业中具有垄断性质的行为以反垄断豁免,它是一般反垄断豁免在国际航运业的体现。目前各航运发达国家,如美国、加拿大等,都在法律中确定了有关反垄断法在国际航运领域的适用例外。2006年9月欧盟竞争委员会颁布了旨在取消班轮公会反垄断豁免的第1419/2006号条例。从班轮市场集中度、市场运力、市场运价、市场竞争力等方面,分析该条例对包括中国在内的各利益相关方的影响,指出该条例的生效仍将延续班轮航运业的垄断态势。     

应用SEM/EDX和ICP-AES检测元素成份判定致伤工具

目的应用扫描电镜/能谱联合分析仪(Scanning electron microscopy & Energy dispersive X-ray apparatus SEM/EDX)和电感耦合原子发射等离子光谱(inductively coupled plasma-atom emission spectrometer ICP-AES)对金属致伤工具本身及所致创口残留物元素成分分析,探讨两者在推断认定此类工具的应用条件及价值.方法镀层和普通铁质工具在乳猪皮肤各致创5例,SEM/EDX对创口内遗留金属颗粒元素检测;用标准样品检测实验方法的精确度;普通铁质工具于刀背、刀刃处各取5个样本,ICP-AES测定元素成分与含量.结果镀锌工具所致创口中存在单一含有锌的金属颗粒,镀黄铜工具则同时含有锌和铜,未发现其它元素;不锈钢或普通铁质菜刀创口中,发现同时含有铁、铬、硅或铁、锰、硅的颗粒;除5号菜刀外同一把铁质菜刀在刀刃、刀背处元素含量无明显差别;ICP-AES分析表明不锈钢菜刀之间在铬、锰、硅、铜、钼和5号刀背部以及其他铁质菜刀在锰、硅元素含量差别具有显著意义,5号刀刃部锰、硅、钼、钛、磷、硫、镍元素RSD明显升高.结论SEM/EDX可以通过创口的检测对金属致伤工具进行种类的推断认定,ICP-AES则可在同种类致伤工具中进行相对同一的判定有应用价值.     

论“TRIPS-递增”协定在WIPO公约体系和WTO法律框架下的制度空间与适用关系

“TRIPS-递增”协定是后TRIPS时代发达国家向发展中国家输送其知识产权保护标准的主要法律形态。此类协定可能影响发展中国家公共政策目标的实现，缩减这些国家利用WTO/TRIPS框架下的变通性规定促进其发展的自由选择空间。但是，在WIPO公约体系和WTO法律框架下，“TRIPS-递增”协定具有其存在的制度空间和正当理由。因此，发展中国家一方面要根据一般国际法的相关规定，认识和处理“TRIPS-递增”协定与WTO框架公约和WTO／TRIPS协议的关系，另一方面要通过联合抵制或“体制转向”阻止“TRIPS-递增”知识产权保护标准的扩张。     

GC/MS和GC法定性定量分析可卡因

目的建立用于可卡因案件检验鉴定的GC和GC/MS定性、定量分析方法。方法通过选择和优化,建立GC、GC/MS法检验可卡因的最佳分析条件;用分别含0.6mg/ml地西泮为内标的0.10、0.20、0.40、0.60、0.80、1.00、1.20mg/ml可卡因标准品乙醇液,考察线性范围和方法检测限。结果分析方法线性方程:GC/FID,Y=1.055X-0.0021,R2=0.9999,GC/NPD,Y=0.556X-0.0016,R2=0.9996;可卡因检测限:GC/FID法10ng,GC/NPD法2ng;分别以所建GC/FID、GC/NPD分析方法和内标法对案件中缴获的可卡因毒品进行定量分析,结果为72%±2.3%,且两方法定量重现性良好。结论本文所建方法可以用于可卡因涉毒案件的检验鉴定。     

More than bricks and sticks: Five components of community development corporation capacity

Abstract

Community development researchers, practitioners, and funders have recently begun to emphasize the need for community development corporations (CDCs) to build capacity. However, the practice of using the term capacity without carefully defining it allows for a wide range of meanings to be assigned to the term and hinders efforts to study and measure it. Capacity is often defined narrowly in terms of housing production, oversimplifying a complex concept and process.

To remedy this shortcoming, we create a framework that views capacity more broadly by dividing it into five components: resource, organizational, programmatic, network, and political. We believe that this more concrete way of thinking about capacity will be particularly useful to practitioners, funders, and policy makers. We apply our definitions to CDCs, particularly those that work with local intermediaries called community development partnerships (CDPs), in order to better understand the role of CDPs in the process of building capacity.     

The regular article tracking developments at the national level in key European countries in the area of IT and communications – Co-ordinated by Herbert Smith LLP and contributed to by firms across Europe

This column provides a concise alerting service of important national developments in key European countries. Part of its purpose is to compliment the Journal's feature articles and Briefing Notes by keeping readers abreast of what is currently happening “on the ground” at a national level in implementing EU level legislation and international conventions and treaties. Where an item of European National News is of particular significance, CLSR may also cover it in more detail in the current or a subsequent edition.     

生物试样中巴比妥类药物固相提取柱上衍生化GC/MS分析

建立生物试样中常见巴比妥类药物的固相提取和柱上衍生化GC／MS分析法。将预制的血或肝分别在pH6．0和pH2.2的条件下过预活化的GDX－403吸附小柱，再用缓冲浪和蒸馏水各4ml顺序洗柱。最后用4ml丙酮／氯仿（1：1）溶剂洗脱样品，离心弃除水相，80℃挥至近干，用50μl乙醇定溶、取净化的样品2～4μl挥至近干，加20μl0．2molTMAH衍生化试剂，直接进样0.5μl，柱上衍生化GC／MS（GC）分析。在试验条件下，当血和肝分别添加2．0μg和5．0μg混合药物，回收率≥80％，相对标准差（RSD）优于±10％，检测限优于5ng（信／噪比≥2）。该法能有效地排除类脂物和组胺的干扰，可用于治疗量级药物分析和婴幼儿中毒案检验。     

海域使用权登记制度的完善

登记是海域使用权变动中的公示方法，其公示的是海域使用权的权属状况或者海域使用权的不复存在。“海域使用权公示”和“海域使用权享有”是两个完全不同的概念。只有基于法律行为导致的海域使用权变动，登记公示是海域使用权享有的要件。但海域使用权公示的效力还有登记对抗、未登记不得再处分两种。海域使用权登记制度中应该增加异议登记和预告登记两项制度。