从17世纪的阿姆斯特丹到18世纪的英国——荷兰输在民族主义

18世纪末,英国以一个国家的身份取代了阿姆斯特丹--一个城市的经济霸主地位时,学者们不约而同地讨论荷兰输在哪里.民族主义的缺乏一时成为众矢之的.英国取代荷兰,究竟是从城市经济到民族市场的合理过渡,还是民族主义作用的结果?从城市到国家,民族主义是否真如格林菲尔德所说,已是资本主义兴起与经济持续增长的动因?本文在此试图进行一些探究.     

Gender and sexual orientation in women： The double discrimination

Nowadays, sexual orientation is a cause of discrimination with its own autonomy in laws of European Union. The Treaty of Amsterdam, which came into force on May 1, 1999, marks a significant milestone for homosexual, bisexual, and transsexual persons. In this process, the rich experience of the European Union in combating discrimination due to gender in the workplace is very important. The great opportunity created by article 13 of the Treaty of Amsterdam was the extension of protection to a much wider range of discrimination, including sexual orientation. On the other hand, if we consider the situation of lesbian, bisexual and transsexual women in the workplace, it may be very difficult to ascertain if the discrimination is due to their gender or their sexual orientation. In fact, cases of double discrimination are very common. For example, The Commission＇s 1991 Code of Practices on Sexual Harassment states that lesbian women are disproportionately at risk of sexual harassment. This is revealing the potential overlaps between gender and sexual orientation, with a great difficulty to adapt anti-discrimination protections to deal with these situations.