判决是如何形成的——乡土社会语境中的法官判决模式研究

本文通过人民法庭对发生在乡土社会中的一起民事相邻权纠纷处理过程的叙述,力图展示承办案件的人民法庭的法官在形成判决意见的过程中考量的各种因素、法官审判案件所追求的目标、以及为达成目标所作的努力。透过对法官判决模式的界定与案件审理过程的分析,我们可以得出基层人民法院法官为谁而作出判决的结论以及支持法官如此判决的决定性力量。     

肯尼迪政府与解决老挝危机的日内瓦会议

面对美国支持的文翁一诺萨万派与中苏北越支持的富马中立派和巴特寮之间激战的老挝局面,肯尼迪政府做出政治解决的决定。日内瓦会议期间,它一面进行政治谈判,同时考虑在以和平手段无法维护其利益时进行军事干涉的两手准备。肯尼迪政府坚持谈判和推动老挝联合政府的组建,为和平解决老挝危机做出了贡献。     

失败的国家建设方针——肯尼迪政府与越战初期的南越“战略村计划”(1961-1963)

肯尼迪执政时期,随着冷战战场向第三世界的转移,美国政府越来越致力于通过国家建设(Nation Building)①方针应对欠发达国家不断出现的叛乱问题,意图通过引导落后地区以发展现代化来消除共产主义滋生的根源。越南战争时期南越的战略村计划是肯尼迪政府在第三世界展开的第一次完全意义上的国家建设行动。本文旨在通过对战略村计划从出台到实施再到失败这一过程的历史考察,分析肯尼迪政府对第三世界的国家建设方针存在的两点困境:一个是美国自身在国家建设中的定位问题,一个是文化冲突问题。     

*论政府必须在法治轨道上开展工作

法律的生命力在于实施,法律的权威也在于实施。政府必须在法治轨道上开展工作是对政府思维方式和行为方式的基本要求。从国际进程、现实挑战、未来要求看,政府必须在法治轨道上开展工作具有客观必然性和现实紧迫性;当前政府在法治轨道上开展工作存在着重法制轻法治、重权力轻权利、重结果轻过程、重执法轻问责等落差;推进政府在法治轨道上开展工作除了坚持党的领导之外,政府职能法治化是前提、政府决策法治化是基础、政府执法法治化是关键、政府责任法治化是保障、政府政务公开化是要求。     

行政执法文书中的瑕疵问题研究——基于468份律师行政处罚决定书的分析

瑕疵行政是指行政主体在履行行政职责中所作出的不合法、不合理、不正确的行政行为,包含重大明显瑕疵、一般瑕疵、轻微瑕疵和明显轻微瑕疵四种类型,并对应不同的法律后果。468份律师行政处罚决定书中存在说明违法理由不充分、履行告知义务不清晰、法律依据适用不准确、决定程序表述不明确、救济途径告知不完整等情形,可归属为不同瑕疵行政类型,以明显轻微瑕疵为主。实体规定适用困难、程序价值不受重视、文书价值认知不足、文书制作能力欠缺等分别是出现上述情形的主次成因。明确行政补正的主体责任、规定行政补正的实施时间、强化行政补正的启动机制,有助于完善行政补正实施机制;修订相关法律的具体规定,制定行政处罚的裁量基准,有助于消弭引发行政补正客观因素;健全人员招录培训、明确文书制作样式、制定处罚裁量基准、强化文书释法说理,有助于消减引发行政补正主观因素。     

过程论视野下自动化行政行为的司法审查——以道路交通非现场执法时空情境分析为视角

随着信息技术的发展,道路交通管理领域也迎来了自动化执法时代。闯红灯、超速等各类交通技术监控系统的引入将传统街道执法空间改造成一个全景敞视规训平台,大幅提升了交通违章查处效率。然而,作为被规训一方的行政相对人并未真正享受到科技+行政的发展红利,其根源在于信息技术赋权不均衡导致交通执法便行不便民,使得电子警察饱受诟病。面对非现场执法这一新生事物,司法裁判应跳出传统现场执法的固有逻辑,运用行政过程论对非现场执法行为进行全流程、动态审查,对非现场执法的不同行为阶段采取不同的司法审查方法和审查强度,兼顾行政执法方式革新与行政相对人权益保障的需求,实现工具理性和价值理性的有效融合。     

奥巴马政府南海政策特征论析

自2010年"高调介入"南海事务以来,奥巴马政府的南海政策呈现出以下几个特征:其一,从战略高度审视南海事务,将南海问题纳入到"重返亚洲"的战略架构之中;其二,以"维护航行自由"为名,寻求对制海权的掌控;其三,注重"均势"战略的运用,以求在南海形成相互制衡的格局;其四,以"巧实力"外交来实现其南海政策目标;其五,从走势看,日益由前期的模糊处理转向明朗化、强硬化。     

Comment on Kerry D. Vandell's “FHA restructuring proposals: Alternatives and implications”

Abstract

New Orleans, a highly segregated city with low homeownership, experienced a tremendous number of housing foreclosures between 1985 and 1990. This study highlights the process and impact of foreclosure in the urban housing market, which contributes to an understanding of their impact on the spatial structure of the city. Two aspects of foreclosure are examined: the differential impacts of foreclosure on low‐income and African‐American householders and changes in socioeconomic conditions (neighborhood change and the spatial structure of the city) resulting from foreclosure.

Conventional wisdom holds that urban neighborhood transformation is driven largely by white flight. The data presented in this article suggest a counterhypoth‐esis. Middle‐income professional whites employed in businesses impacted by recession who had recently bought housing with high loan‐to‐value ratios were forced to sell or have their houses foreclosed upon. The depressed market, in turn, made such housing affordable to middle‐class blacks interested in homeownership. Thus, black economic opportunity, rather than white flight, dramatically transformed the racial composition of many New Orleans East neighborhoods.     

The Study of Public Administration in Hong Kong and Macao: Evolutionary Paths and Implications

Comparatively speaking, the birth and the growth of public administration programmes, at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, in Hong Kong and Macao have been a response to the increasing need for the training of students and civil servants in the discipline of public administration. Since the 1990s, the proliferation of Master of Public Administration (MPA) programmes in both the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions can be explained by the demand for local people to govern the two places in accordance with the principle of ‘one country, two systems’. The content of various MPA programmes also reflects the changing political and administrative circumstances; its public administration focus has been accompanied by core courses training students from a variety of disciplines, ranging from public finance to economics, from public policy analyses to globalization, and from regional planning to a deeper understanding of mainland Chinese government and politics. In both Hong Kong and Macao, some graduates from both the Bachelor and Master programmes have joined the civil service or enhanced their skills in public sector management and governance. Although the medium of instruction varies from one university to another, their programme objective shares one thing in common: the imperative of training existing civil servants and students to join the governments of Hong Kong and Macao. This paper compares and contrasts the development of public administration programmes in Hong Kong and Macao and examines its theoretical implications for the changing relations between politics and public administration.     

Preparation of a low-cost fingerprint powder that harnesses white light to emit long-lived phosphorescence

An inexpensive, commercially available doped strontium aluminate phosphor with long-lived afterglow has been prepared and assessed in the role of a luminescent fingerprint dusting powder. Blue, green, and aqua phosphorescence persisting for ca. 30 s was obtainable from treated fingermarks after charging the powders with the white light (400–700 nm) setting of a forensic light source. Imaging the phosphorescent afterglow enabled the elimination of background emissions encountered during latent fingermark examination. This was demonstrated by visualising fingermarks on substrates that possess inbuilt fluorescent security features and highly patterned substrate backgrounds, without any need for bespoke scientific equipment.