Regulatory Impact Assessment: How political and organizational forces influence its diffusion in a developing country

Regulatory Impact Assessments (RIAs) are being diffused progressively throughout the world following the recommendations of international organizations. Research has shown that the diffusion of RIA has not produced convergence in actual practices, particularly in developing countries, due to political forces at work in domestic contexts or the available organizational capacities. The Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) has recently recommended that the Brazilian federal government adopt RIA. This article evaluates how contextual variables, specifically political and organizational ones, influence RIA adoption in Brazil. It is based on field research consisting of semi‐structured interviews with the main stakeholders of the Brazilian regulatory framework. The research explored RIA concept familiarity among stakeholders, the bureaucratic context, the policy process, pivotal stakeholders' standpoints in adopting RIA, and available organizational capacities. Contrary to previous studies in developing countries, the research reveals that strong organizational capacities are not a sufficient factor for successful diffusion of RIA, because political variables can influence divergence among agencies in future RIA practices.     

养阴润肠方治疗慢性传输型便秘32例

目的 观察养阴润肠方治疗慢性传输型便秘临床疗效。方法 符合纳入标准的32例慢性传输型便秘患者,使用养阴润肠方治疗3个疗程,每个疗程7 d,分别记录治疗前、2个疗程后、3个疗程后、停药1个月后便秘患者生活质量自评量表（patient assessment of constipation quality of life questionnaire, PAC-QOL）评分及Cleveland便秘评分。结果 治疗结束时治愈17例,显效8例,有效4例,无效3例,总有效率为90.6％。治疗前后PAC-QOL比较,在治疗2个疗程后、3个疗程后、停药1个月后,生理积分、担忧度积分、满意度积分、总分均显著减少（P＜0.01）;3个疗程后、停药1个月后,心理积分显著减少（P＜0.01）;与治疗前比较,治疗2个疗程后、3个疗程后、停药1个月后Cleveland评分均显著减少（P＜0.01）。结论 养阴润肠方治疗慢性传输型便秘在全身整体性调节和提高生活质量等方面疗效确切。     

公共支出效率评价——带非自主决定输入的两阶段数据包络模型

公共支出的效率评价是政府进行有效公共支出管理的基础,正确评价公共支出效率也是各国政府需要研究和解决的问题.经济学是通过比较公共支出前后的社会福利变化来衡量公共支出效率的,然而,社会福利是由公共支出与私人支出共同决定的,而且公共支出的增加是有机会成本的.因此,我们不能通过忽略私人支出,而单独分析公共支出对社会福利的影响的方式来衡量公共支出的效率.同时,各种原因共同导致政府通过公共支出提供的公共产品组合往往与社会公众的实际需求不一致.本文尝试在分析公共支出的效率时,把私人支出也纳入分析的范畴,同时提出了一种方法--带非自主决定输入的两阶段数据包络模型,试图解决在政府与公众偏好不一致情况下的公共支出的效率评价问题,并按照中国的数据进行了实证检验.     

眼外伤鉴定中辅助检查结果的综合分析评判

眼外伤的司法鉴定主要依据视觉功能状况,即视敏度和视野检测结果。视敏度主要依赖行为视力检测,视野依赖电脑视野检查。上述检查的主观性比较强,目前还没有完全客观的方法。眼部超声、光学相干断层扫描、眼部放射影像学等技术有助于眼球结构的检查,其结果是相对客观的。根据眼球结构变化的情况可以帮助分析、推测视觉功能的损害程度。传统和多焦眼电生理技术等一些眼科辅助检查手段也有助于验证主观检查结果。若能在结合案情、伤情及病历资料的基础上,综合采用多种辅助检查方法,可提高对视觉功能损害情况判断的准确性,进而提高司法鉴定结论的科学性、客观性和准确性。     

人体植入物、移植物损害后人体损伤程度鉴定研究

随着科学技术发展,人体植入物和移植物的应用越来越广泛,人体植入物、移植物损害案件的报道也渐增多,与此同时必然会引起法律上身体概念的内涵变化和相关法医学鉴定等问题争议。本文对法律上身体的内涵和人体植入物、移植物损害后人体损伤程度鉴定原则予以讨论。     

保险诈骗罪疑难问题探析

基于立法对刑法实行行为本质特征的认识的差误,导致对保险诈骗罪实行行为方式设计中的诸多缺陷。在司法实践中,保险诈骗多以共同犯罪的形式出现,有身份者与无身份者共同犯罪时罪名的认定问题也必然成为了理论和实务界关注的焦点。     

论我国环境公益诉讼制度的构建——兼评《环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法》

环境公益诉讼可以分为环境民事公益诉讼、环境行政公益诉讼、环境公诉。环境公益诉讼制度的构建应以《宪法》、《环境保护法》的规定为依据,通过确定诉讼原告、环境公益,对《民事诉讼法》、《行政诉讼法》等作适当修订,并结合一些相关诉讼制度,在实践中逐步进行。《环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法》因缺乏环境公益诉讼制度的规定,将直接影响其立法目的的实现和公众参与的主动性。     

Bad History

If history is a sort of radar for the ship of state, then the machine has broken down, just at the point where Gordon Brown, trained as a historian, takes over control. Caught up in the best-seller business, popularised on TV, it has come to reflect metropolitan commercial drives, the obsessions of The Hitler Channel or the 'publish or be damned' ethos of the Research Assessment Exercise. Fashionable discourses about identity and postmodern consumerism, and the palsied traditions of Fogeydomboth remote from the basic business of getting, spending and governing-may offer a niche-marketing future, but are more likely to speed the vessel towards the rocks.     

The Assessment of Gain-Based Damages for Breach of Contract

This article argues that there are two different measures of gain-based damages for breach of contract: the Wrotham Park measure and the Blake measure. The former is assessed by reference to the objective value of the benefit received by the defendant and the latter by reference to the defendant's subjective gain. In assessing Wrotham Park damages the courts apply a fixed formula, determining the price that a reasonable person in the position of the claimant might have demanded from the defendant at the time of breach for relaxing its rights under the contract. The Blake measure is different; it requires the defendant to disgorge the actual net profit received from the breach. Unlike the Wrotham Park measure, it deals only with positive and not negative gains. It is also limited by the doctrine of causation so that only those gains that are 'directly occasioned' by the breach are recoverable.     

关于提请罪犯减刑、假释的几点思考

监狱建立对罪犯有悔改表现的考核机制,在决定对罪犯提请减刑、假释时,应依据罪犯悔改表现程度适时对罪犯进行综合评价,进而决定是否提请减刑、假释。使监狱减刑、假释工作更加公开、公平、公正。