Analyzing Territorial and Sectorial Dimensions of Public–Private Partnerships in Science,Technology, and Innovation policies

The performance of innovation systems depends, to a great extent, on the degree of public–private collaboration they involve. Thus, innovation policies often aim to enhance this collaboration through public–private partnerships. These partnerships are a multidimensional phenomenon whose success depends on factors related to each of their dimensions. This paper proposes the use of an analytical model that reflects the multidimensional nature of public–private partnerships and analyses to what extent they are applied in a specific innovation system in order to identify the territorial and sectorial factors that act as barriers or drivers to use them. This model aims to help policy makers design appropriate public–private partnerships in each context. The case under review is the Spanish innovation system, given that this system has been suffering from a structural lack of collaboration for several decades, despite the implementation of policies aimed to foster this. Thus, if the model works, it should be able to identify key factors that influence greater or more restricted use of the different PPP formulas.     

Hybrid law and human rights – banning and behaviour orders in the appeal courts

The desire of the New Labour Government to be seen as responsive to popular concerns and moral panics over hooliganism and anti-social behaviour is resulting in the increased use of legislative responses that bridge criminal and civil law. Anti-Social Behaviour Orders and Football Banning Orders are two key examples of this ‘Hybrid Law’, imposed as a response to criminal conduct, supported by criminal law sanctions, but operating under a civil law procedure providing fewer protections for defendants. These hybrid orders have the power to severely restrict the freedom of individuals who have not been found guilty of any criminal offence, and have been challenged in two important cases under Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The decisions of the Appeal Courts that the purpose of the orders is merely preventative rather than punitive, and can therefore be justifiably imposed under a civil law procedure, is controversial and indicates an unwillingness to use the powers of the Human Rights Act to challenge such legislation and protect the fundamental human rights of defendants.Dr Geoff Pearson is Lecturer in Law, Management School, University of Liverpool     

血斑酸性磷酸酶、腺苷激酶、腺苷脱氨酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶同时电泳分型

本文作者介绍了利用薄层淀粉凝胶电泳对血斑酸性磷酸酶(EAP)、腺苷激酶(AK)、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶(6-PGD)同时电泳分型的方法,同时报道了这四种酶在北京地区汉族人中的表型分布和基因频率.     

中国第二代互联网--CERNET2

10年前,中国教育和科研计算机网(CERNET)建成了我国第一个全国主干网,拉开了中国互联网发展的序幕.10年后,CERNET2试验网作为我国第一个下一代互联网主干网,2004年3月19日在北京正式开通并提供服务,再次吹响了中国下一代互联网建设的号角.本文从CERNET2的概念、特点、发展计划、应用领域等方面全方位进行了阐述.     

Gerichtlicher Freispruch wegen Finanzvergehens stets nur Unzuständigkeitsurteil

Jeder von einem Strafgericht gef?llte Freispruch vom Vorwurf eines Finanzvergehens ist als Freispruch wegen Unzust?ndigkeit nach § 214 FinStrG aufzufassen. Die § 259 StPO erg?nzende Sonderbestimmung des § 214 FinStrG hat den Zweck, einen – sonst unzul?ssigen – Subsumtionsfreispruch in Betreff einer m?glicherweise echt idealkonkurrierenden, jedoch in die Zust?ndigkeit der Finanzbeh?rde fallenden strafbaren Handlung und damit eine Fortsetzung des Finanzstrafverfahrens durch diese zu erm?glichen, indem klargestellt wird, dass der Angeklagte wegen dieses Aspekts ein- und derselben Tat iSd Art 4 des 7. ZPMRK weder verurteilt noch freigesprochen wurde.     

抗兔出血症病毒单克隆抗体的制备

用1∶10稀释的兔出血症病毒(RHDV)加等量佐剂乳化后接种BALB/C小鼠3次,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0细胞融合。通过用间接ELISA试验筛选、克隆出分泌抗RHDV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞林E_3E_6。     

Seasonal Variation of Carcass Decomposition and Gravesoil Chemistry in a Cold (Dfa) Climate

It is well known that temperature significantly affects corpse decomposition. Yet relatively few taphonomy studies investigate the effects of seasonality on decomposition. Here, we propose the use of the Köppen‐Geiger climate classification system and describe the decomposition of swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) carcasses during the summer and winter near Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Decomposition was scored, and gravesoil chemistry (total carbon, total nitrogen, ninhydrin‐reactive nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, and soil pH) was assessed. Gross carcass decomposition in summer was three to seven times greater than in winter. Initial significant changes in gravesoil chemistry occurred following approximately 320 accumulated degree days, regardless of season. Furthermore, significant (p < 0.05) correlations were observed between ammonium and pH (positive correlation) and between nitrate and pH (negative correlation). We hope that future decomposition studies employ the Köppen‐Geiger climate classification system to understand the seasonality of corpse decomposition, to validate taphonomic methods, and to facilitate cross‐climate comparisons of carcass decomposition.     

Relation of Kinetic Energy to Contact Wounds of the Head by Centerfire Rifles and Shotgun Slugs

Wounds of high‐energy centerfire rifles and shotguns represent distinctive injuries of forensic importance. Previous studies of contact wounds have shown variability in the potential of these weapons to produce bursting wounds of the head. The present study analyzed contact head wounds owing to 26 centerfire rifles and nine shotgun slugs and compared them with respect to weapon, ammunition, entry wound site, and projectile kinetic energy. The bursting effect, defined for this study as disruption of at least 50% of the head, occurred in 25/35 of cases and was related to kinetic energy. Bursting was associated with energies <2700 ft‐lbs in 12/22 cases and energies >2700 ft‐lbs in 13/13 cases. The volume of gunpowder gas injected into the wound was considered as contributing to the bursting phenomenon. There was no relation of bursting to the specific entrance wound site, type of ammunition, or projectile fragmentation.     

肺泡巨噬细胞在猪链球菌2型引致肺炎过程中的作用

为探明肺巨噬细胞在猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis type 2,SS2)引致肺炎过程中发挥的作用,用SS2体外感染4周龄SPF巴马小型猪肺泡巨噬细胞(porcine alveolar macrophage,PAM),首先以10倍递增的SS2∶PAM感染比(MOI)分别为1∶10～1 000∶1感染12h;其次以MOI=100∶1分别感染1、2、4、6、12、24h,ELISA检测三种主要炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6的质量浓度及动态变化,同时光镜观察PAM的形态变化。结果显示,三种细胞因子具有相似的动态表达趋势,其表达量均随MOI升高和作用时间的延长而上升,与对照组之间均差异极显著(P<0.01),菌液浓度之间和时间点之间均差异显著(P<0.05);同时PAM的形态异常和崩解死亡比例依次增多,表明三种炎性因子的表达量与SS2的浓度和感染时间之间呈正相关;受损或濒死细胞比例亦正相关;提示三种炎性因子由受损细胞或濒死细胞产生。MOI为1∶1感染12h,或MOI为100∶1感染6h的条件下均可致70%的PAM崩解死亡,表明此条件下SS2可摧毁由PAM构筑的第一道防线。三种炎性细胞因子表达最高峰的条件是MOI为100∶1,感染12h,此时镜下细胞几乎全部崩解死亡,表明PAM的完全死亡伴随炎性因子的最大释放,炎症随吞噬功能的完全丧失而开始。结果表明,在SS2引致肺炎过程中,AM的作用是炎症的起始者,而不是抵御细胞。